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United states history i
The Southern Colonies and the Celts
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Maryland 1634 Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore and Proprietor of Maryland (left). The Catholic Colony Remained a proprietary colony until 1776. The Charter of Maryland
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The Carolinas (1663) Proprietary Colony led by Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury (left). Founder of the Whig Party in England. John Locke and The Fundamental Constitutions Charles Town North and South Carolina, 1729
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Georgia 1732 James Oglethorpe Savannah 1733 The experimental colony. The Georgia Charter Royal Colony in 1751
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Southern Culture Mix of Cavalier, Celtic, and African cultures.
The Cavaliers dominated Southern colonial political and social life, but the Celtic peoples had a great influence on the frontier. Who were the Celts?
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The Celts The flight from North Britain. Ireland and Scotland
Successive waves of migration—large numbers of people. Most came with thoughts of material betterment. Mixed group of people form all classes of society. Different religions, mixed ancestry, mixed social rank. Settled in the “backcountry” of America, i.e. the mountains and piedmont regions.
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The Backcountry American Elite
Andrew Jackson James K. Polk John C. Calhoun Patrick Henry Sam Houston Grady McWhiney and Forrest McDonald, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1989).
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Speech Ways Origins of the Southern accent.
Soft, slow, melodious drawl. Bide for stay. Howdy for hello. Grit for courage. Lick for beat. Moonshine for distilled liquor. Yonder for distant. Right good for very good.
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Marriage Ways Voluntary and involuntary abductions.
Wild parties of shooting, drinking, kissing, and dancing. Marriage parties could last for days.
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Child-Rearing Ways Building the will.
Boys were to have fierce pride, stubborn independence, and a warrior’s courage. Children had immense freedom. Girls were expected to have industry, obedience, patience, sacrifice and devotion to others.
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Religious Ways Intense hostility to organized churches and clergy but a genuine interest in religion. Most backcountry men were Presbyterians. Field Meetings.
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Food Ways Poor Diet Clabber, butter, fatty bacon, potatoes, cornbread, whiskey, and water. An “animal’s diet.” Boiling was the common method of cooking. Dirt was essential for a good meal—The more hair in your butter the better. “The mair dirt the less hurt.”
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Work Ways Most men preferred war to work.
Farming—in-fields and out-fields. Some small scale manufacturing of clothing. Men and women shared in the work—hard work included.
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Wealth Ways Land was the most important commodity.
Many did not own land and were squatters or tenants. “Middle class” Yeomanry. Fewer large landholders than on the Atlantic seaboard. Class or caste system (warrior caste system).
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Power and Liberty Ways Personal government.
Strong personal leadership. Clans and small communities. Natural freedom—shunning authority or law and order. Minimal government—light taxes and armed resistance to tyranny. Ex: Patrick Henry’s “Illusion of Hope”
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