1. Chapter 8

2. Geography of Africa

4. Kingdom of Axum [300-700]

5. Stele, Ezana’s Royal Tomb, Aksum (4c)

6. AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Controlled NE African Trade Written Language Spread Christianity in No. & E. Africa Terrace Farming Built Stelae

7. Berbers GOLD SALT Gold-Salt Trade

8. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

9. Timbuktu  Major trading hub  Gold, slaves, and salt  Center of Islamic learning ~13th century  150 Islamic schools  Cosmopolitan community  Religious and ethnic toleration common

10. Ancient Ghana  First known kingdom in the western Sudan  Founded between fourth and eight centuries CE  Warfare and iron weapons created an empire  Commerce  Camel caravans  Imported silk, cotton, glass beads, horses, mirrors, dates, and salt  Exported pepper, slaves, and gold mined in another region and taxed passing through

11. Empire of Mali, 1230-1468  Larger than Ghana  Greater rainfall  More crops Sundiata [1210-1260] “Lion Prince”

12. Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1337]

13. European Map

14. Empire of Songhai, 1461-1591  The last and largest of the Sudanese empires  Sunni Ali  Reigned 1464-1492  Conquered people paid tribute  Generally ran their own affairs

15. Benin Empire [15c-19c]

16. Benin  Small powerful kingdoms  Benin  Little influenced by Islam or Christianity  Trading center  Gold, peppers, ivory, and slaves  By 17th century dependent on slave trade

17. Bantu Migrations: 1000 BCE To 500 CE

18. Swahili States  Built around trade with India and East Asia  Travels of Ibn Battuta

20. African Trade Routes

21. Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar