1. CHAPTER SIX POWERPOINT

2. AFRICAN BEGINNINGS 1 ST PEOPLE – 150,000 – 200,000 YEARS AGO THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS NOMADIC – GATHERED FOOD AND FOLLOWED ANIMALS 7,000 – 8,000 YEARS AGO (5000 BCE) – HUNTERS BEGAN TO SETTLE IN VILLAGES 5,000 – 6,000 YEARS AGO (3,000 BCE) – THEY BEGAN TO FARM AND GROW CROPS – AGRICULUTURAL REVOLUTION 1 ST CIVILIZATIONS – EGYPT AND KUSH around 1000 BCE

3. QUESTIONS? HOW MANY YEARS PASSED BETWEEN THE SETTLEMENT OF VILLAGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF 1 ST CIVILIZATIONS? SPECULATE REASONS WHY PEOPLE WOULD WANT TO TRANSITION FROM NOMADIC HUNTING TO SETTLED VILLAGES?

4. LANDSCAPE – ONLINE SLIDE – COPY Questions: A. HOW DID THE LAND AREA COVERED BY DESERTS COMPARE TO THAT BY RAINFORESTS? B. IN WHICH GEOGRAPHIC ZONE COULD PEOPLE RAISE MANY CROPS? C. LOOK AT CHART ON PAGE 128 – WHICH IS THE LARGEST DESERT? HOW BIG IS IT? UNITED STATES’S POPULATION REPRESENTS WHAT PERCENTAGE OF AFRICA’S POPULATION? WHICH IS THE LARGEST RIVER IN U.S.? LARGEST RIVER IN AFRICA? DESERT IN US?

5. AFRICA’S LANDSCAPE MOST OF AFRICA IS A SERIES OF PLATEAUS GREAT RIFT VALLEY – CREATED BY TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT – SOME OF EARLIEST HUMAN FOSSILS MANY RIVERS – NILE USED BY EGYPTIANS AND KUSH; NIGER – USED BY WEST AFRICANS GROWTH OF TRADE AND FARMING LED TO BUILDING OF VILLAGES AND TOWNS SUBSAHARA AREA – GROWTH OF IRON WORKING DJENNE-JENO – BECAME LARGEST TRADING CENTER IN AFRICA AROUND 250 BCE – IRON, GOLD, JEWELRY, COPPER GOODS, AND POTTERY

6. QUESTIONS?? A. WHAT DOES THE SLIDE SHOW OVER THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY SUGGEST ABOUT THE CLIMATE OF THE AREA? B. WHAT DO THE EARLIEST HUMAN FOSSILS SUGGEST ABOUT HUMAN LIFE IN THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY?

7. TRADING EMPIRES 400 BCE – SAHARA WAS CONQUERORED BY BERBER PEOPLE – OPENED UP THE DESERT TO TRADE BERBERS USED DONKEY AND HORSES – BUT THEY COULD NOT SURVIVE HEAT ROMANS INTRODUCED CAMELS IN 200 BCE CAMELS COULD TRAVEL FOR MANY DAYS WITHOUT WATER AND HUMPS STORED FAT AND COULD BE USED FOR CARAVANS GOLD WAS MINED IN WEST AND SENT IN CARAVANS TO EUROPE AND ASIA – CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIM LEADERS WANTED IVORY, SPICES, LEATHER, OSTRICH FEATHERS, AND ENSLAVED PERSONS WERE OTHER THINGS TRADED

8. QUESTIONS??? A. HOW DID THE SAHARA DESERT INFLUENCE SETTLEMENT AND TRADE IN EARLY AFRICA? B. WHY WERE CAMELS MORE USEFUL THAN HORSES? C. WRITE 2 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CAMELS AND HORSES AND 2 DIFFERENCES D. LOOK AT THE INTERACTIVE ONLINE SLIDE OVER CAMELS AND HORSES TO CHECK ANSWERS

9. WEST AFRICAN KINGDOMS CARAVANS TRADED CLOTH, WEAPONS, HORSES, PAPER, AND BOOKS FROM NORTH AFRICA TO WEST AFRICA SALT WAS MINED IN THE SAHARA AND TRADED TO THE WEST ISLAM WAS BROUGHT TO WEST AFRICA – CONVERTED MANY MERCHANTS SAHARAN TRADE BROUGHT PROSPERITY TO THE WEST GROWTH OF POWERFUL CITIES AND EMPIRES AD 500S – 1300S – MANY AFRICAN EMPIRES SURPASSED THE EUROPEAN KINGDOMS

10. QUESTIONS LOOK AT MAP ON PAGE 130: 1. TRACE SOME OF THE TRADE ROUTES FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER – HOW COULD YOU DESCRIBE THE TRADE ROUTES? 2. HOW DID THE TRADE ROUTES AFFECT THE CULTURE OF NORTH AFRICA? 3. NAME 2 THINGS THAT WERE TRADED FROM THE MAP? 4. WHAT COLOR REPRESENT GHANA? MALI? SONGHAI? 5. ANSWER THE GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION QUESTIONS PAGE 130. 6. TELL ME 3 CHARACTERISITCS OF THE SAHARAN TRADE.

11. THREE KINGDOMS IN THE WEST GHANA MALISONGHAI FIRST TRADING EMPIRE AD 400S – 900S LOCATED IN SUDAN IT WAS A GRASSLAND IT HAD FERTILE SOIL AND WAS KNOWN FOR ITS IRON TOOLS – HELPED WITH FOOD LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF SALT MINES OF SAHARA AND GOLD MINES OF WEST CROSSROADS OF TRADE BETWEEN NIGER RIVER AND RAINFOREST TRADERS HAD TO PAY TAXES TO KINGS BECAUSE GHANA HAD IRON TO MAKE WEAPONS, CONTROLLED WEST AFRICAN GOLD MINES, AND HAD A TRAINED ARMY PEOPLE WERE WILLING TO PAY ANY PRICE FOR SALT ISLAM WAS BROUGHT HERE 110OS – GHANA WEAKENED 1200S – MALI CONQUERORED GHANA SUNDIATA KEITA – LION PRINCE – MAIN RULER ACCORDING TO GRIOTS FROM 1230 TO 1255 THEY CONQUERORED TIMBUKTU AND JENNE MALI WAS IN CONTROL OF GOLD AND SALT MINES MANSA MUSA – RULED IN 1300S – DIED IN 1330 – EMPIRE WEAKENED AFTER HIS DEATH 1464 – SUNNI ALI BECAME RULER HE GETS CONTROL OF TIMBUKTU USED NIGER RIVER TO BUILD EMPIRE TOOK OVER THE RIVER AND SALT MINES 1492 – IT WAS THE LARGEST EMPIRE ENDED IN THE 1600S OTHER RAINFOREST EMPIRES INCLUDE – BENIN, KONGO

12. QUESTIONS 1. HOW DID GHANA’S LOCATION HELP IT BECOME A POWERFUL TRADING EMPIRE? 2. WHAT TRADE GOOD DOES THE READING SUGGEST WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT IN GHANA? 3. WHO WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSON IN THE FOUNDING OF MALI? 4. CHART ON PAGE 132 – WHICH TRADING EMPIRE FLOURISHED EARLIEST? 5. WHICH FLOURISHED THE LATEST? 6. WHICH WWAS THE LONGEST LASTING EMPIRE? 7. LOOK AT THE INFOGRAPHICH AND ANSWER THE 2 QUESTIONS.

13. TWO KINGDOMS IN THE EAST AXUMZIMBABWE NEIGHBOR OF KUSH ALONG NILE DEVELOPED ON RED SEA IMPORTANT STOP ON TRADE ROUTES EXPORTED IVORY, INCENSE, ENSLAVED PERSONS IMPORTED CLOTH, METAL, OLIVE OIL FOUGHT WITH KUSH OVER CONTROL OF TRADE ROUTES TO INLAND AFRICA 300 AD – KING EZANA TOOK KUSH 334 AD – HE MADE CHRISTIANITY THE MAIN RELIGION – LATER ISLAM WAS INTRODUCED ROSE ALONG INDIAN OCEAN ALONG WITH TRADING POSTS SUCH AS MOGADISHU, KILWA, MOMBASA, ZANZIBAR HAD COPPER AND GOLD IN THE INLAND AREAS ALONG ZAMBEZI RIVER TO INDIAN OCEAN EXPORTED MINERALS, IVORY, COCONUT OIL, ENSLAVED PERSON IMPORTED – SILK, GLASS BEADS, CARPETS, POTTERY

14. QUESTIONS 1. HOW DID AXUM’S LOCATION HELP IT BECOME AN IMPORTANT TRADING EMPIRE? 2. WHAT EFFECTS DO YOU THINK THE ARAB TRADERS HAD ON AFRICAN TRADE? 3. WHAT GOODS WERE TRADED BY COASTAL AFRICAN MERCHANTS? 4. WHAT GOODS WERE TRADED BY INLAND AFRICAN MERCHANTS? 5. HOW DO ECONOMIC CHANGES AFFECT DIFFERENT AREAS OF LIFE TODAY? 6. WHY DO YOU THINK IT WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPORTANT FOR ARAB TRADERS TO BE ABLE TO SAIL QUICKLY?