1. The Crusades
and
the
Age of Faith

2. Coexisted but were at odds
Roman Catholic Church
(W. Europe)
Greek
Orthodox Church
(Byzantium)
Both the Roman Catholic Church of Western Europe and the Greek (or Eastern) Orthodox Church of the Byzantine Empire in the east were Christian and shared the same principal beliefs. However, there were differences in church hierarchy, rituals, and interpretation. There was not, because of this, one united Christian community.
Both Christian
Coexisted but were at odds

3. Meanwhile in byzantium…
Seljuk Turks = Sunni Muslims expanding their empire
Took Baghdad
Persecuted Arab Muslims
Gained Persian support
Marched on Byzantium 1071
Less of a threat since
The Seljuk Turks were an aggressive tribe who had newly converted to Islam.
In 1070, the Byzantine emperor decided to try to push the Seljuks out of Armenia. At first the Byzantines (with some Norman allies) won. Then there was a great battle at Manzikert in 1071, just east of the Euphrates River, but the Byzantines lost. The Seljuks not only won the battle, they also captured the Byzantine emperor Diogenes! In the end, Alp Arslan (The new Seljuk sultan) let Diogenes go in exchange for a lot of gold and the promise that he could have Armenia and a lot of other Byzantine land too. Then they were at peace. Alp Arslan died the next year and his son Malik Shah became sultan. But after Malik Shah died in 1092, the Seljuks got less powerful, and by 1192 their dynasty ended. The Seljuk empire broke up into many small kingdoms.
Threatened Constantinople?

4. A Plea for Help I, Alexius Comnenus, ask for your help…
Christians are suffering
Turks are a threat to all Christendom
If you help, you could get spoils
Beginning in the 11th century, Christians in Jerusalem were increasingly persecuted by the city’s Islamic rulers, especially when control of the holy city passed from the relatively tolerant Egyptians to the Seljuk Turks in Late in the century, Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comenus, also threatened by the Seljuk Turks, appealed to the West for aid. In 1095, Pope Urban II publicly called for a crusade to aid Eastern Christians and recover the holy lands. The response by Western Europeans was immediate.

5. Pope Urban’s Response We must protect Christians on pilgrimages
All Christendom will be Roman Catholic!
I’ll be the leader of it all!
There are too many feudal rivalries & too many unruly knights
I can harness all this martial energy for the good of the Church…
Pope Urban II saw several advantages to answering the request. Jerusalem, in the view of all Christians, must be ruled by Christians. But his reasons were not all entirely religious. “For more than 40 years, the Church of Rome had been at odds with its sister church in Constantinople. The Eastern (Orthodox) Christians did not agree with those of the Western church on certain religious matters; nor were they willing to acknowledge the Pope as their spiritual leader. Urban wanted to reunite the two churches. “ (Pope Urban’s Call) Also, because there were fewer threats to kingdoms or manors, knights were becoming unruly and unfocused. “You, who have so often been the terror of your fellow men,” he said, “ go and fight against the barbarians, go and fight for the deliverance of the holy places.” Pope Urban recognized a chance to take their military zeal and put it to good use, while refreshing their devotion to God and Roman Catholicism.

6. Call to Crusade Clermont
Pope Urban calls for a “just” war to reclaim Holy Land from Muslim Turks
Jerusalem would be reclaimed
Perhaps the most effective message of Pope Urban’s speech was when he made an offer that no good Christian could refuse. “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.” Not only would they be fighting a “just and holy” war, but they would be guaranteed a place in heaven.

7. Come !! Nobles, knights, & peasants
Answering the call
Religious zeal!
Adventure!
Salvation!
Sins are cleansed
The answer to the call was overwhelming. “Merchants and knights, peasants and bishops – every man, it seemed – was ready to “take the cross” and march to the rescue of Jerusalem.” (Pope Urban’s Call)
Spoils!
Opportunity for land and riches
Come !! Nobles, knights, & peasants

8. The 1st Crusade Peasant’s Crusade Nobles & Knights
≈ 30,000-50,000 peasants (numbers vary)
Pogroms against Jews
Only ½ - ⅔ cross to Asia Minor
Many peasants slaughtered, taken as slaves
The 1st Crusade
Nobles & Knights
Took > 1 year to cross Asia Minor
¾ lost before reaching the Holy Land
< 12,000 reach Jerusalem (1099)
The 1st crusade became two: the Peasant’s (or People’s) Crusade and the Noble’s (or Knight’s) Crusade. The peasants, led by Peter the Hermit, were untrained, without strategies or provisions, and full of religious zeal. They committed numerous violent acts against Jewish villages that studded the countryside on the way to Constantinople.. Only half successfully crossed from Constantinople to Anatolia. Once in the Holy Land, many crusaders died along the way in military raids by the Seljuk Turks and others. The Noble’s Crusade, organized and well equipped, followed some months later. While they successfully crossed into Anatolia, nearly ¾ of the fighting forces were lost in battles with the Turks and other Muslim armies.

9. Antioch 6 month siege Turkish relief armies attacked unsuccessfully
In June, the crusaders captured the Turkish-held city of Nicaea and then defeated a massive army of Seljuk Turks at Dorylaeum. From there, they marched on to Antioch, located on the Orontes River below Mount Silpius, and began a difficult six-month siege during which they repulsed several attacks by Turkish relief armies. Finally, early in the morning of June 3, 1098, Bohemond persuaded a Turkish traitor to open Antioch’s Bridge Gate, and the knights poured into the city. In an orgy of killing, the Christians massacred thousands of enemy soldiers and citizens, and all but the city’s fortified citadel was taken. Later in the month, a large Turkish army arrived to attempt to regain the city, but they too were defeated, and the Antioch citadel surrendered to the Europeans.
6 month siege
Turkish relief armies attacked unsuccessfully
Turkish traitor opened Antioch’s Bridge Gate
Thousands of soldiers and citizens massacred

10. Jerusalem Falls Crusaders outnumbered 5 to 1 Supply ships arrived
Siege equipment built
All non-Christians slaughtered
for full story
…After resting and reorganizing for six months, the crusaders set off for their ultimate goal, Jerusalem. Their numbers were now reduced to some 1,200 cavalry and 12,000 foot soldiers. On June 7, 1099, the Christian army reached the holy city, and finding it heavily fortified, began building three enormous siege towers. (They were able to do this because ships came from Jaffa bearing wood and other supplies). By the night of July 13, the towers were complete, and the Christians began fighting their way across Jerusalem’s walls. On July 14, Godfrey’s men were the first to penetrate the defenses, and the Gate of Saint Stephen was opened. The rest of the knights and soldiers then poured in, the city was captured, and tens of thousands of its occupants were slaughtered.

11. Outremer: the crusader states
Antioch
Outremer: the crusader states
Edessa
≈ 400 miles
4 feudal states
carved out
All vulnerable to Muslim attack
Held for 200 years
Tripoli
The First Crusade established a Western Christian military presence in the Near East that lasted for almost 200 years. The Crusaders called this area Outremer, French for "beyond the seas.“
Having achieved their goal in an unexpectedly short period of time, many of the Crusaders departed for home. To govern the conquered territory, those who remained established four large western settlements, or Crusader states, in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. Guarded by formidable castles, the Crusader states retained the upper hand in the region until around 1130, when Muslim forces began gaining ground in their own holy war (or jihad) against the Christians, whom they called “Franks.” In 1144, the Seljuk general Zangi, governor of Mosul, captured Edessa, leading to the loss of the northernmost Crusader state.
Jerusalem

12. Fall of Edessa 1 4 Sunni leader Zengi captured city
All massacred in retalitation to barbaric treatment of Muslims by Crusaders
Victory led to a renewed call for jihad
Sunni leader Zengi laid siege to the Crusader State of Edessa. The siege took more than a month, and it was only by tunneling under the thick walls of the city and setting them afire with naptha, sulfur, and animal fat that the Muslims broke through. Roman Catholic Christians living in the city were separated from Eastern Orthodox Christians and put to death, as per Zengi’s orders. In this way, Zengi made it clear that his jihad was against western Christians, specifically the Franks, and not all Christians. Zengi becomes immediately exalted by his fellow Muslims.

13. Jihad
Jihad = performing the will of Allah by fighting enemies of Islam
Last carried out in
7th-8th centuries
Renewed by stories of Crusader atrocities against Muslims
The call to lesser jihad – to protect Islam – is renewed.

14. 2nd Crusade
Pope Eugenious calls for Crusade to recapture lost Crusader State of Edessa
Crusaders try to take Damascus, but Muslims hold out
2nd Crusade ends in disaster
News of Edessa’s fall stunned Europe, and led Christian authorities in the West to call for another Crusade. Led by two great rulers, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the Second Crusade began in That October, the Turks crushed Conrad’s forces at Dorylaeum, site of a great victory during the First Crusade. After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they decided to attack the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of some 50,000 (the largest Crusader force yet). Previously well disposed towards the Franks, Damascus’ ruler was forced to call on Nur al-Din, Zangi’s successor in Mosul, for aid. The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating defeat to the Crusaders, decisively ending the Second Crusade; Nur al-Din would add Damascus to his expanding empire in 1154.

15. Saladin United Muslim world in holy war against Crusaders
Won decisive battle after setting trap at Horns of Hattin 1187
Jerusalem surrenders to Saladin without bloodshed 1187
By 1190, almost all Outremer was Muslim
Sunni and Shi’a Muslims united to fight a larger enemy. Salddin controlled both Egypt and Syria.

16. Horns of Hattin Saladin: 12,000 Knights + army
Crusaders: 1,000 knights + 20,000 foot soldiers
The area is called the Horns of Hattin for the two rocky peaks that rise over the brush covered slopes behind Tiberius on the Sea of Galilee. It was here that Saladin aligned 12,000 of his knights plus an army carrying regular provisions  On the other side of the battlefield were the crusading forces comprised of 20,000 foot soldiers but only about 1,000 knights. The Christian army had set out for on July 3rd, 1187,leaving in their wake their well-watered camp for the dust and dryness of the desert air. They carried with them that Holy relic so many would die for in coming battles, the True Cross, By evening, the crusading army arrived at a plateau below the Horns of Hattin. Even at this resting spot the Templars and other crusading warriors found no water, as the well was dry and the only stream was blocked…. By morning, Saladin’s men had completely enclosed the crusaders. The tired crusaders were outnumbered by ten to one and as dawn approached, the Muslim horns blew heralding the coming attack. .. The Saracen forces then began charging up the hill in endless droves. The Christians fought back silently as more and more of the crusading force met with the death of Saladin’s blades. As the day fought on, there remained but a few hundred Christian knights huddled around King Guy’s tent. The leaders were rounded up and taken to Saladin’s camp. 

17. Proclaimed to save remnants of Christendom in Holy Land
3rd Crusade
Proclaimed to save remnants of Christendom in Holy Land
1191: Richard captured Acre
-3,000 Muslims executed in sight of Muslim army
Attempts to recapture Jerusalem failed
In 1187, Saladin had conquered Jerusalem and had expelled the Christians from the holy city.  Due to his conquests of the Holy Land, King Philip II of France and King Richard I of England began the Third Crusade on July 4, 1190 to “win land and plunder as well as glory” The goal for the Christian Crusaders was to recapture the Holy Land, which would lead them to Acre. Acre was the chief port and the largest town in the kingdom of Jerusalem, which meant taking the city would help the Crusaders gain territory in the Holy Land and gain authority over Saladin and Muslims.
The battle at Acre had become a stalemate between King Guy (who originally set out to capture the city) and Saladin. This lasted for some two years. Philip II and Richard I arrived at Acre in Philip assaulted Acre first, weakening the Muslim army. The Richard attacked and Saladin was forced to surrender. An agreement was reached: “Along with the city, five hundred Christian captives and two hundred thousand gold bezants would be handed over. Two thousand Muslims would remain captive, and in addition, one hundred of the richest, most eminent personages of the town would become hostages…” Saladin also had to provide the “restoration of the Holy Cross” to the Christians in exchange for the hostages.
Saladin failed to abide to the terms, which led to the killing of hostages. “On August 21, 1191, Richard I “had 2,700 Muslim soldiers tied together…they were marched out of the city…and there one by one, they were slaughtered.”
Richard the Lionheart
Frederick Barbarossa

18. Truce Jerusalem remained Muslim
Christians could safely visit city’s holy places
Crusaders held Tripoli, Antioch, coastal land

19. Called by pope innocent III
4th Crusade
Called by pope innocent III
To reclaim Jerusalem, → Egypt
Crusaders caught in venetian & byzantine politics
Crusaders end up invading Constantinople
Caused > breach btwn r. Catholic & Orthodox churches
By the time of the 4th Crusade, Egypt was the center of Muslim power. Pope Innocent III, seeking glory, called for a crusade, and mostly knights answered the call. They traveled to Venice to secure passage across the Mediterranean Sea. The Venetians, who were in a trade war, made a deal with them: they would secure their passage if the knights would first seized Zara, their rival’s city. The Venetians then convinced them to sack Constantinople, the great Eastern Orthodox Christian city that contained great wealth ( and would secure the Venetian’s power in the East). The Crusaders burned much of the city, slaughtered its inhabitants, and destroyed the city’s art and literary treasures. The Byzantine lands were carved up and distributed among the Venetians and the victorious knights. The great city of Constantinople would never be the same.

20. 2 more ships sold children into slavery
Children’s Crusade
1212
Cloyes, a 12-yr old, had vision
Wanted to shame Muslims into returning Holy Land
Organized Crusade of ≈ 9,000 children
Children departed, unarmed
Marseilles merchants ferried children to Holy Land
Storm at sea sank 2 ships
2 more ships sold children into slavery

21. Later Crusades All were unsuccessful
Aimed at Fatimid (Shi’ite) Muslims of North Africa
Led by King Louis IX (later sainted)
All were unsuccessful

22. Effects of the Crusades
Opened the door for …
New ideas
Trade, new trade routes
Growth of towns
Increased geographic knowledge
Gold standard/increased use of money
Rise of nationalism

23. Agriculture BETTER FARMING METHODS Horse -drawn plow - New harness
3-Field system
1 winter, 1 summer, 1 fallow
Caused population growth

24. Trade & Finance ⃗ breakdown of feudal system New Trade Routes
Europe ⃡ italy
italy ⃡ Mediterranean
Italy ⃡ North Africa
population shift ⃗
towns
Guilds
controlled crafts, trade
Made up of artisans
- apprentice ⃗ journeyman
- journeyman ⃗ master
› need for cash
Jews ⃗ Moneylending
⃗ breakdown of feudal system

25. Benefits of the Crusades
Education
universities
Philosophy
Thomas Aquinas
Literature
Chaucer, Dante
Medicine
hygiene, surgery