1. Urban Geography
Ms. Britto
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2. AIM: How can we show mastery of economic geography?
Do Now: Study for your test! 5 minutes!
HW: None!
SWBAT
Show mastery of developmental and industrial geography through a summative assessment
Define the term food desert and identify food deserts within NYC
Evaluate a NYC program to alleviate food deserts
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3. Economic Geography Test
You have 30 minutes to complete the test.
DO NOT WRITE ON THE TEST (the paper shortage is real)
After the test, read the article on food deserts in NYC and answer the 3 questions on the back
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4. AIM: How does central place theory explain the distribution of settlements and services?
Do Now: What is a food desert? Can they be solved, and how?
HW NO CURRENT EVENT THIS MP
SWBAT
Define the term food desert and evaluate potential solutions
Define the terms central place, threshold, and range
Analyze and explain the components of central place theory
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5. AIM: How is transportation related to a city’s success?
Do Now: What is a central place? Provide an example of low function services and high function services. Which one would you find in a city and which would you find in a small town?
SWBAT
Define the term central place, and explain the basic tenants of CPT
Analyze the film Urbanized to see the effects of urban planning by specifically looking at the impact of slums and transportation options.
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6. AIM: To what extent are primate cities a problem?
Do Now: What are slums like? Why are they created? How can they be improved?
SWBAT
Describe and relate the gravity model to earlier concepts
Infer about a country’s well-being using the rank- size rule
Define and evaluate primate cities
Compare and contrast the 3 types of services
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7. The Gravity Model
The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater the potential for customers
The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it
WHAT TERMS DOES THIS REFER TO?
THRESHOLD AND RANGE
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8. Zipth’s Rank Size Rule
The country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
The country’s 3rd largest city is 1/3 the size of the largest city
When plotted the rank-size distribution forms a fairly straight line
In general there are more small cities and fewer larger cities…sound familiar?
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10. What can Rank-Size tell us?
Rank-Size distribution tends to indicate a higher quality of life
Indicates the country is wealthy enough to provide goods across the country
EX: Germany, Australia, and the U.S.
Countries without rank-size distribution may not have the wealth to spread out services
People will have to travel far to get services
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11. Problems with Rank-Size
Often there is not a noticeable difference between the 1st and 2nd city
EX: NYC and LA
Some countries do not fit the model at all -> one city dominates the rest
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12. Primate Cities
The largest city within a country overwhelmingly dominates not only in size but also in terms of influence
EX:
PARIS: largest population in France (9.6 million) and clearly the focus of France. The next largest city, Marseilles, has a population of 1.3 million
London, UK: population of 7 million. Next largest city has a population of 1 million.
Mexico City, Mexico: population of 8.6 million. Next largest city has 1.6 million
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13. Brainstorm
What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a primate city?
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14. Agglomeration of goods and services Large market
Advantages
Disadvantages
Agglomeration of goods and services
Large market
Higher-function services including education
Enhanced flow of ideas
Centralized transportation and communication
International trade opportunities
Unequal distribution of investment slows down total national growth
Unequal resource development
Unequal wealth/power
Transportation network excludes those outside the city
Centrifugal forces created
Brain drain
Natural disaster in primate city will hurt whole country
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15. Case Study: Bangkok, Thailand
40x larger than any other city in Thailand
Political, financial, cultural, and communication center
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17. Problems in Bangkok Flooding Garbage/Human Waste Transportation
Lack of Recreation Spaces
Pollution
Poor Planning
Rapid Urbanization/Slums
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18. Agglomeration of Services
Bangkok contains
80% of all registered phone numbers
45% of doctors
79% of all pharmacists
72% of registered cars
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19. Do you support Primate Cities?
PRO: attract overseas investment and benefits which will eventually trickle down into the rest of the country
CON: They create shortages and escalating land prices which force people into slums
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20. Global Urbanization Trends
MDCs have a higher % of people living in urban areas
LDCs have more “mega cities”
8/10 largest cities
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21. 3 Types of Services Consumer (44% of US Jobs)
Retail and wholesale
Education
Health
Leisure and Hospitality
Business (24% of US Jobs)
FIRE – finance, insurance, and real estate
Professional – law, engineering, secretarial, custodial
Transportation and Information: trucking, publishing
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22. 3 Types of Services Public Services (17%) Excludes educators
Federal, state, and local government workers
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23. Job Growth in the U.S. Professional Services Health care Education
Entertainment
Recreation
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24. AIM: Why do business services cluster in large settlements?
Do Now: What are the 3 types of services? What types of services do you think would be found more often in LDCs?
NO TUTORING TODAY
SWBAT
Define the 3 types of services and the 4 types of places were business services locate
Differentiate between the types of world cities
Analyze why some microstates have become areas of financial offshoring
Define the term CBD and summarize recent trends in the CBD
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25. 4 Levels of Business Services
WORLD CITIES
Dominant World Cities: London, NYC, and Tokyo
Each is the dominant city in their respective core area
Stock market, large concentrations of wealth, and large business services
Major World Cities: Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington DC, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich Sao Paulo, and Singapore
Home to some major corporations HQs
Secondary World Cities: 22 total Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Mexico City, Johannesburg, Sydney
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26. 4 Levels of Business Services
Command and Control Centers
Contain the HQ and many large corporations, banking facilities, and concentrations of business services
Important educational and medical centers
Specialized Producer-Service Centers
More narrow and highly specialized services in certain industries
EX: Research and Development -> steel in Pittsburg
EX: Government/Education: -> state capitals with college located in town -> Albany
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27. 4 Levels of Business Service
Dependent Services
Provide relatively unskilled jobs
Economically dependent on higher levels like world cities
EX: Resort, retirement, and residential centers in the S&W
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28. What are World Cities like?
Most integrated in the world economy
Center of info and capital
Modern transportation and communications reinforce the primacy of world cities
Clustering of business services
Result of Industrial Revolution
Financial services: banks, insurance corporations, stock exchange
Lawyers, accountants, advertisement agencies nearby
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29. World Cities Consumer Services Public Services
large market=large retailors
Concentration of wealth=luxury products and leisure activities (professional sports and plays)
Public Services
May be centers of national or international politics
EX: London is the capital of the UK
EX: NYC is the head of the UN
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30. Business Services in LDCs
LDCs specialize in 2 distinctive types: Offshore financial services and back-office functions
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31. Offshore Financial Services
Usually islands and microstates- Why?
Taxes are low or nonexistent
U.S. loses $70B in tax revenue each year
Privacy- bank secrecy laws
Evade income disclosure in home countries
Protect assets in a divorce, malpractice suit
Appeals to tax evaders and criminals
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32. Case Study: Cayman Islands
Several hundred banks with assets of more than $1 Trillion
Crime to discuss any business matter learned on the job
Many offshore financial centers are in the Caribbean
EX: Anguilla, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, St. Vincent
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33. Back Offices Business process outsourcing (BPO)
Processing insurance claims, payroll management
Increasing rents and the ability to telecommunicate prompted the relocation of BPOs from downtown offices
LDCs attract BPOs with low wages and the ability to speak English
EX: India and Malaysia
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34. Economic Base of Settlements
Basic industries: industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
MAKES UP THE ECONOMIC BASE
Non basic industries: industries whose customers live in the same community
Consumer Services
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35. Specialization of Cities in Different Services
General Business: Chicago, LA, NYC, and San Francisco
Computing and Data Processing: Boston and San Jose
High-tech industries support services: Austin, Orlando, and Raleigh-Durham
Military support services: Albuquerque, Colorado Springs, Huntsville, Knoxville, Norfolk
Management-consulting services: Washington DC
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36. Distribution of Talent
Talent is a combination of the % of people in the city with college degrees, % of people employed as scientists or engineers, and the % of people employed as professionals or technicians
Talent is not distributed equally
Talented individuals gravitate toward cities that offer more cultural diversity
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37. What is a CBD?
Central business district: the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
AKA “downtown”
Compact: contains less than 1% of the urban land area but contains a large % of the shops, offices, and public institutions
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38. Retail Services in the CBD
Reduced importance in recent years
Traditionally attracted 3 types of retail services
Retailers with a high threshold
EX: large department stores moving to suburban malls
Retailers with a high range
Many have moved to suburbs
Can stay in CBDs if they blend retail and recreation
EX: restoring food markets
Retailers serving downtown workers
Expanding in recent years
EX: office supply stores, computer stores, dry cleaning, fast- casual food or coffee shops
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39. AIM: How should the public be involved in planning?
Do Now: How does offshore financial services affect average citizens? Should anything be done about offshore finances?
MOCK TOMORROW: 522 at 2:20
MC= 1 hour
FRQ=75 minutes
SWBAT
Apply the concepts of offshore financial services to the Panama Papers
Analyze a video to understand themes of urbanization and understand how planning can improve a city
Evaluate the public’s role in city planning
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40. 7th period
Concentric Zone Model: Mohamed, Ambrosia, Davona, Dennia, Judith, Cejai
Sector Model: Amaya, Christian, Victoria, Kaela, Chelsie, Tamera, Faika
Multiple Nuclei Model: Fatoumata, Kohl, Tianna J., Tianna G., Aprille
Latin American Model: Justin, Deron, Shaun, Mia, Maria, Olivia, Sydney
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41. 8th period Concentric Zone Model:Nyamekye, Nicasie
Sector Model: Kalena, Mohammed
Multiple Nuclei Model: Joshua, Patreece
Latin American Model:
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42. AIM: Why do inner cities face distinctive challenges?
Do Now: Come up with a list of inner city challenges. How can these issues be solved?
HW: Read pages and complete model handout
SWBAT
Describe the effects of competition for land in the CBD
Analyze social and economic issues facing inner-city areas
Analyze an article to deduce why people are moving back into cities
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43. 2nd period
Concentric zone: Mahabub, Shakeiya, Kevon, Samara, Teshawn, Jenelle, Britny, Isaiah,
Sector: Selah, Ryan, Xander, Zion, Tania, Aaliyah, Avalonn, Kimarley,
Multiple Nuclei: Brianna, Shauniqua, Zaid, Davon, Gianni, Maruf, Tyriek, Jevoughn
Latin American: Makayla Patrick, Kadeem, Madison, Kymani, Caleb, Chimaobim, Zaria,
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45. Business Services in the CBD
Central location makes it easy for workers to get to work
EX: both custodians in lower-income areas and CEOs can get to work
Cluster in the CBD for accessibility
EX: lawyers choose locations near government offices and courts
Much information is still exchanged face to face between colleagues or related professions
EX: lawyers meet other lawyers to try and settle out of court
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46. Competition for Land in the CBD
CBDs generate very high land costs
EX: land in Tokyo’s CBD is around $60 million an acre
Tokyo has many earthquakes so most buildings are limited to 3 stories
Results of high land costs in CBDs
Land is used more intensively
Some activities can not afford to be in CBDs
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47. Intensive Land Use Land must developed vertically
Underground cities: Development includes underground parking garages, loading docks, telephone and electric cables, subways, pedestrian pathways in very cold/snowy climates
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48. Intensive Land Use: Skyscrapers
Zoning Laws: skyscrapers can be an inconvenience to lower neighbors: blocks light
Skyscrapers:
Retailors pay $$$ for street level space
Offices occupy mid-level
Apartments at the highest levels
D.C. only major U.S. city without skyscrapers
Nothing higher than U.S. Capitol
D.C.’s CBD is very wide
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49. Activities Excluded from the CBD
Factories-> now in suburbs
Used to be along CBD ports-> ports now too shallow
Develop waterways into tourist/leisure and residential areas
EX: Baltimore, Barcelona
ADD: Museums, parks, convention centers, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment centers
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50. Activities Excluded from the CBD
Lack of Residents
People left for the suburbs for bigger land, cheaper rents, better schools, and to avoid crime
Return of Residents
Warehouses/factories converted to apartments
Yuppies, DINKs, and empty nesters
Attracted to recreation activities, not worried about schools
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51. CBDs Outside North America
Less focused on commercial considerations
EUROPE
Contain large churches and royal palaces
Low rise-structures and narrow streets
Skyscrapers cause outcry-> ruin landscape
Rent is more expensive-> must renovate, not tear down
More residential, more supermarkets, bakeries
Ban cars from busy streets-> pedestrian friendly
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53. Housing Conditions Poor housing conditions -> prewar
As the # of low-income residents increases, the territory they occupy expands -> middle class and wealthy people move out
Filtering: dividing up large houses into separate apartments to rent to lower-income families
Landlord pays less attention to upkeep, because the rent is not as expensive
House becomes unlivable-> vacant
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54. Housing Conditions
Redlining: when banks draw lines on a map to identify areas in which they refuse to loan money
Families cannot get loans for repairs/renovations
Illegal, but difficult to prosecute
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55. Housing Conditions: Public Housing
Public Housing: housing owned by the government
U.S.= reserved for low income residents who must pay 30% of their income as rent
1% of housing within the U.S. compared to 14% in the UK
High-rise projects were built primarily during the 50s and 60s and are now seen as bad environments
Concentrates too much poverty
Many are being torn down
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56. Carbini-Greene Homes in Chicago
15,000 people in 3, 607 units. Last building was torn down in 2011
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57. Public Housing
U.S. Government has stopped funding construction of new projects
Replaced with HOPE IV to renovate older housing or voucher programs
From public housing decreased by 1 million units despite the # of households needing low-cost housing increasing by 2 million
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58. AIM: To what extent is gentrification bad?
Do Now: What is urban renewal? Why did it become unpopular?
HW: URBAN MODEL ASSIGNMENT and QUIZ CORRECTIONS
SWBAT
Compare and contrast urban renewal and gentrification
Describe social and economic issues facing inner-cities
Analyze an article to determine whether or not gentrification is bad
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59. What is Urban Renewal?
Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers or public agencies.
National Gov helps with grants
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60. Urban Renewal Criticism
Destroys the social cohesion of old neighborhoods
Reduces low-cost housing
Displace African-American populations
Most North American and European cities turned away from urban renewal in the 70s
OR have they? Gentrification?
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61. Renovated Housing the majority attract middle-class people
Gentrification: the process by which middle- class people move into deteriorated inner- city neighborhoods and renovate the housing
Middle-class seeks: historic homes, cheaper rent, short commutes, proximity to cultural and recreational activities
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62. Gentrification and Renovations
Alters ethnic patterns
EX: Chicago: whites moving into inner cities areas while African-Americans are moving into areas farther from the center
Cities encourage renovation by providing low-cost loans and tax breaks
Criticized as subsidies for the middle class while the working class to poor are pushed out due to increasing rent
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63. Inner-City Social Issues
Underclass: a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics
The underclass suffers from relatively high rates of
Unemployment
Alcoholism/drug addiction
Illiteracy
Juvenile delinquency/crime
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64. Inner-City Social Issues
Poor school systems, inadequate fire and police protection, hospitals, and clinics
1-3 million people are homeless at any time in America
The gap between skills demanded by employers and the training possessed by inner-city residents is widening
Less than 50% graduation rate
Loss of manufacturing or unskilled jobs
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65. Culture of Poverty
¾ of babies born in the inner-city are to unwed mothers and live with only one parent
Single parent must choose to work or stay at home to watch the child
Little is done in the U.S. government to track down deadbeat parents -> child care cases are not pursued aggressively
Child grows up in poverty-> more likely to be unemployed, undereducated, involved with gangs and drugs to make money
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66. Inner-City Economic Issues
Eroding Tax Base: low-income areas need more services from the government
These services are paid for with taxes
If an area is low-income they do not generate enough tax revenue to provide services
City must choose: reduce services or raise tax revenues
Reduction of services pushes middle-class residents out, eroding the tax base more
Raise revenues by encouraging businesses to move into the city with tax breaks -> diverts some funds from services
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67. Inner-City Economic Issues
The federal government gave more money to cities from the 1950s-1980s
18% of city’s budget came from feds in peak
Since the 1980s, the federal government has cut funds
Declined by 2/3rd since 1980
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68. Impact of the Recession
Collapse of the housing market-> primarily in the inner city
Banks had given mortgages to people with bad credit: subprime mortgages
When housing prices went down and interest rates went up people could not afford the mortgages: massive foreclosures
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69. Gentrification Reading
What are the negative effects of gentrification?
Increasing rents push out residents
Landlords withhold basic maintenance to force residents out
Social fabric/unique identity of the community is destroyed
Small businesses forced out
Centrifugal forces
Disproportionately affects communities of color
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70. Gentrification Reading
What are the positive effects of gentrification according to the reading?
When is someone displaced?
If you oppose gentrification, are you supporting de facto segregation?
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71. AIM: How are cities organized?
Do Now: Briefly summarize CPT and the Rank- Size Rule on the handout
HW: STUDY FOR FINAL
SWBAT
Summarize the components of CPT and Rank-Size Rule
Draw and present their urban model to a small group
Describe the components of the North American models and the Latin American model
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72. Test Tomorrow Def of Human Geography GPS Relative vs Absolute Location
Ethnocentrism
Isogloss
Official languages
Creole languages
Ethnic religions
Devolution
Buffer states
State Shapes
Balkanization
Irredentism
Von Thunen
Free Trade
Industry shifts to LDCs
Sustainable energy
Wallerstein
CPT
Concentric Zone Model
Redlining
Global Cities
Rank-Size Rule
Def of Human Geography
GPS
Relative vs Absolute Location
Distance Decay
Space-time convergence
4 main biomes
Malthus Theory
Arithmetic Density
Ecumene
Largest Pop Clusters
Carrying Capacity
Race vs. Ethnicity
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74. Concentric Circle/Burgess
Zone 1: CBD
Zone 2: Transition
Industry
Poor/Lower-class homes
Zone 3: Working-Class Homes
Zone 4: Better Residences/Middle Class
Zone 5: Commuters
E.W. Burgess
1923
Chicago
American Cities in the early 1900s
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75. Hoyt Sector Model
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76. Hoyt Sector Model 1939 Homer Hoyt Chicago
Cities grow in Sectors, not rings as certain areas are more desirable for environmental reasons (waterfront, higher land)
Refined the Concentric Circle
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77. Multiple Nuclei Model
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78. Multiple Nuclei Model C.D. Harris E.L. Ullman 1945
Accounts for cars/highways
Good for sprawling cities
City revolves around multiple centers not just the CBD
Airports, Colleges, Ports
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79. Urban Realms Model
James E. Vance in the 1960s
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80. Urban Realms Model
Shows the spatial connections of a modern metropolis
CBD in the central city
“new downtown” in an edge city
Suburbs
Automobile dependent=as large as the city needs
EX: San Francisco Bay Area, Washington DC Area
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81. What is an Edge City?
1. The area must have more than five million square feet of office space
2. The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall)
3. The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon
4. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;“)
5. The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 years ago
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82. Edge City: Tyson’s Corner, VA
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83. Galatic or Peripheral Model
Chauncey Harris:1960s-1980s North America
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84. Galatic or Peripheral Model
an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
Car dependent
Sprawl
Decentralization of CBD-> Edge Cities
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86. Latin American Model 1980 Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford 1994 update
CBD is the Center
Spine of elite residential sector grows out of the CBD -> high function services
Zone of Maturity: middle income houses
Zone of in situ accretion: transition area
Periferico: squatter settlements
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87. East Asia Model
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88. East Asia Model Created by T.G. McGee in 1967
Southeast Asia contains some of the fast growing cities
Ex: Jakarta, Indonesia
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89. Description of East Asia Model
Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district
Western commercial zone (dominated by Chinese merchants)
No formal CBD
Hybrid sectors & zones growing rapidly
New Industrial parks on the outskirts of the city
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90. East Asia Model and Latin American Model
Similarities
feature high-class residential zones that stem from the center,
middle-class residential zones that occur in inner- city areas,
low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery.
Differences
Southeast Asian City Model features middle- income housing in suburban areas.
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91. Subsaharan Africa Model Created by De Blij
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92. Description 3 CBDs Ethnic neighborhoods surround the CBDs
Remnant Colonial CBD
Traditional CBD
Market CBD: open air market/periodic
Ethnic neighborhoods surround the CBDs
Informal satellite townships (squatters)
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93. African City Model Analysis
Past reflected in Colonial CBD
the mining and manufacturing areas indicate the type of economy
the lack of an mentioned areas of elite and middle class reflect the poverty of the area
the ethnic neighborhoods reflect the tribalism that exists
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94. Applying the Models Outside North America: Europe
Wealthy class still lives in the inner rings
Wealthy also cluster on higher elevations/ near old palaces
Low income are on the outskirts/suburbs
Suburbs are high density, lack amenities, and have worse schools/crime rates
More minorities/recent immigrants found in suburbs
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95. LDCs
Like Europe, the poor are clustered in suburbs, with the wealthy living close to CBD
Impact of colonialism
Since Independence, LDC countries have experienced rapid change: see Latin American model
Wealthy push out from the center in a narrow “spine”
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96. LDCs and Squatter Settlements
Squatter settlements: an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
Over 175 million people live in squatter settlements
Lack amenities like roads and schools
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