1. Chapter 7: Immigrants and urbanization
4/11/2018
Chapter 7: Immigrants and urbanization
Section 1: The New Immigrants

2. Through the “Golden Door”
Drawn by the promise of a better life, escaping difficult conditions, religious or political persecution.
Some wanted to earn money and then return to their homeland.
Between 1870 and 1920: 20 million enter the U.S.
Before 1890-Western and Northern Europe.
UK, Germany, France, Denmark.
After Southern and Eastern Europe.
Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal

3. Immigration to the United States

4. Chinese and Japanese-West Coast
300,000 Chinese arrive between 1851 and 1883.
Many came as a result of the California Gold Rush.
Railroads, farming, mining, domestic service, business.
200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast by
Increased immigration after U.S. annexation of Hawaii.
Better wages in U.S.

5. The West Indies and Mexico
Between 1890 and ,000 immigrants arrive in Eastern and Southeastern U.S.
Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico…
Many came to U.S. as a result of lack of jobs.
Mexican workers were drawn to the U.S. because of farming opportunities.
Between 1920 and ,000 Mexicans came to the U.S.
Political upheaval.

6. A Difficult Journey By 1870s, most immigrants traveled by steamship.
Europe-one week.
Asia-three weeks.
Most traveled in storage because it was the cheapest…it was crowded.
Many immigrants traveled in cargo holds and were rarely allowed on deck
Dirty beds and share toilets.
Disease spread quickly.

7. Ellis Island, NYC-East Coast Processing Center
2 percent denied entry.
5 hour processing includes: Physical exam, document check, questions.
Never been convicted of a felony, demonstrate you could work, and show you had some money.
1892 to million immigrants passed through.

8. Ellis Island Immigrants

9. Angel Island, San Francisco-West Coast Processing Center
1910 to 1940: 50,000 Chinese immigrants pass through.
Harsh questioning and long detention while awaiting if they got approval or not.

10. Cooperation for Survival
Immigrants had to find a place to live, get a job, and get along in daily life.
Many sought out ethnic communities.
Started to think of themselves as “hyphenated Americans.”
Polish-American, Russian- American.

11. Immigration Restrictions
Melting Pot: Mixture of people from different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs.
Many immigrants did not want to give up their culture and language…

12. The Rise of Nativism Favoritism towards native born Americans.
Many colleges, businesses, and social clubs refuse to admit immigrants.
1897-Congress passed a bill requiring a literacy test for those who could not read 40 words in English or their native language.
No entry to U.S.
President Cleveland vetoed the bill.

13. Chinese Exclusion Act-1882
Banned entry to all Chinese laborers.
Except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.
Restricted in 1902 and repealed in 1943.

14. Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)
Japan agrees to not allow emigration to the U.S.
Never ratified by Congress
Ended in 1924
Japan agrees to this in exchange for repeal of San Francisco segregation order.
Japanese children had separate schools.

15. Chapter 7: Immigrants and urbanization
4/11/2018
Chapter 7: Immigrants and urbanization
Section 2: The Challenges of Urbanization

16. Immigrants Settle in Cities
Urbanization: The growth of cities
Northeast and Northwest.
Most immigrants settled in cities.
They were the cheapest places to live and had jobs.
By 1910, immigrant families made up more than half of the total population of 18 major American cities.
Americanization Movement: Assimilate people into the dominant culture.
Important skills: cooking, social etiquette, English literacy, American history.

17. Migration From Country to City
Because new inventions made farming more efficient, fewer laborers were needed so they moved to the city to find work.
Racial violence, economic hardship, political oppression, segregation, and discrimination.

18. Housing Tenement: multifamily, urban dwelling.
Overcrowded (two or three families) and unsanitary.
Minimum standards for plumbing and ventilation.
Sometimes residents would dump trash down air shafts.

20. Transportation
Mass Transit: Move large numbers of people from place to place along fixed routes.
1873: Street Cars in San Francisco.
1897: Electric Subways in Boston.
Cities are linked to outlying areas.

21. Street Car and Electric Subways

22. Water
Waterworks are built to handle growing demand of water in cities.
Most homes did not have indoor plumbing or access to safe water supplies.
Many cities had access to water, but there was not enough to go around.
People had to use water from the sink or outside for cooking and bathing.
Filtration of water was introduced in 1870s and chlorination was introduced in 1908.

23. Sanitation
Animal waste piles up on streets and gets into the water supply.
Factories pollute the air.
Private companies have to pick up garbage.
People dump garbage on the street.
By 1900, most cities had created sanitation departments.

24. Crime As population grew, crime grew.
NYC created the first full time police force in 1844.
Most law enforcement units were too small to handle the amount of crime in cities.

25. Fire Limited water supply helped increase the danger of fire.
Lots of wooden buildings.
Use of candles and kerosene heaters were fire hazards.

26. Social Gospel Movement
Walter Rauschenbusch.
Salvation through service to the poor.
Settlement Houses: Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants.

27. Jane Addams and Hull House
Founder of Hull House in Chicago in 1890.
Ellen Gates Starr.
Workers could “learn from life itself” how to address urban problems.

28. Chapter 7: Immigrants and urbanization
4/11/2018
Chapter 7: Immigrants and urbanization
Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age

29. The Political Machine
Group that controls the activities of a political party in a city.
Major cities such as Baltimore, New York, San Francisco.

30. The Role of the Political Boss
Controlled access to municipal jobs, business licenses, and influenced the courts.
Built sewer systems, parks, waterworks.
Gave money to schools, hospitals, and orphanages.

31. Immigrants and the Machine
Provide help to people in need…in exchange for votes.
Bosses often helped immigrant families and many of them were immigrants themselves.
Many bosses were first or second generation immigrants.
Few were educated beyond elementary school.
Could speak to immigrants in their own language and understood the challenges they faced.
Helped immigrants attain full citizenship, housing, and jobs in return for votes.

32. Election Fraud and Graft
Party faithful would vote illegally as many times as they could.
Graft: Illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
Help a person get a job on a city construction project. The worker could then bill the city for more than the actual cost and then the machine would get some of the extra cost.

33. The Tweed Ring Scandal (1869-1871)
William Tweed was the head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s Democratic political machine.
NYC courthouse cost $13 million; actual cost was $3 million.
Difference went to Tweed and his associates.

34. More Tweed!!!!!!
Thomas Nast helps put an end to the Tweed Ring with his cartoons.
Tweed is indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years in jail.

35. Even More Tweed!!!!! Sentence is reduced to 1 year.
Tweed is released and arrested again.
He escapes while out on a home visit and goes to Spain where he works as a seaman.
He is identified from a Thomas Nast cartoon and turned over to the U.S. where he is returned to prison.

36. Still More Tweed!!!!!!
Tweed agrees to testify about his ring in exchange for release from prison.
He testifies but NY governor would not release him.
He later dies of pneumonia in jail.

37. Patronage Spurs Reform
People want government jobs to be based on merit, not patronage.
Patronage: Jobs given to people because of helping someone get elected to office.

38. Chester Arthur-Pendleton Civil Service Act-1883
Pendleton Civil Service Exam: Government jobs based on candidates’ performance on an examination.

39. Fun Facts: Reform Under Hayes, and Garfield
Rutherford B. Hayes: Appointed independents to his cabinet.
James A. Garfield: Wanted civil reform but died before it happened.

40. Business Buys Influence
Politicians turn to business owners for money in return for favors.
High Tariffs: Big business hopes that the government would keep tariffs high.
Democratic Party wants to lower tariffs.
1884: Grover Cleveland becomes the first Democratic President in 28 years.
Wants to lower tariffs…but Congress would not do this.

41. More Influence!!!!!
1888: Benjamin Harrison beats Cleveland with help from big corporations that want tariffs raised.
McKinley Tariff Act: Raised tariffs to higher levels.
1892: Cleveland is elected President again
Only President to serve two, non consecutive terms.
Wanted to lower McKinley Tariff but would not sign a bill doing so because it included an income tax…It passed without his signature.

42. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison