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US Foreign Policy Ch 19
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US Foreign policy has historically been characterized by
Isolationism Unilateralism Moralism Pragmatism Sometimes these conflict with one another Which of the following historical examples illustrate these?
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Goals in FP Trade: promoting and/or regulating
Defense: National Security Promoting US interests (other than the two above?) Promoting good relations? Cultural exchanges?
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History overview 1783: US a fledgling country
Early 1800s: US asserts itself Monroe Doctrine Mid 1800s: Manifest Destiny and Expansion War with Mexico Oregon Treaty 1846
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1900s: US becomes a world power
Imperialism: define Spanish-American war and follow-up war in the Philippines Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Panama Canal
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US becomes a world power
World War I US stays out Joins 1917: why? Ends Nov, 1918 Versailles Treaty Wilson hopes for collective security through League of Nations 1930s: trend toward isolationism World War II Causes What countries are on what side?
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Post WWII Internationalism and Multilateralism (?)
United Nations: Purposes Structures General Assembly Secretary General Security Council: Who has power in it?
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Internationalism and Multilateralism
UN Structures Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice Others US Ambassador to UN: Susan Rice UN Security Council Limitations of UN IMF: World Bank:
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Cold War Impedes international cooperation of UN Define Cold War:
US and allies vs. USSR and allies Ideological rivalry Communism vs. Democracy and capitalism No direct war Lots of proxy wars Competition for influence and dominance around the world Arms race Space race
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Cold War terms and policies
Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO and Warsaw Pact Fighting the Cold War is the backbone of US Foreign Policy
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Cold War Nuclear Deterrence and MAD Vietnam War: Causes
Détente (Pragmatism) Human Rights as a foreign policy goal (Moralism) UN Human Rights Declaration
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End of Cold War Reagan: amped up Cold War Mikhail Gorbachev
provided military aid Arms build up: “peace through strength” Soviet Union was “evil empire” Mikhail Gorbachev Social and economic problems in USSR and Eastern Bloc HUGE Reforms: glasnost perestroika noninterference in allies’ reforms
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End of Cold War Reagan and Gorby: disarmament meetings
People power in Eastern European countries: communism ends Soviet Union also collapses End of cold war: now what? New goals needed
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New Goals? Moralism, Pragmatism, Isolationism, Unilateralism: still?
Internationalism/Multilateralism Combating terrorism Environment Human Rights Nukes: Which countries have them? NPT International Criminal Court:
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Who makes foreign policy?
Checks and balances in duties of branches of gov’t Industry Media Public
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The Executive Branch and Foreign Policy Making
The President Preeminent in foreign policy and military policy Access to and control of information Commander in Chief of the military Departments of State: Foreign policy negotiations Embassies Economic Development
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Executive Branch Department of Defense: http://www.defense.gov/
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines Joint Chiefs CIA: collects and analyzes information and intelligence about foreign countries and events National Security Council Advises the president
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Executive Branch Agencies
Department of Homeland Security Cabinet department created after the 9/11 attacks for domestic U.S. security Who’s head?
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Congress’s role in FP Oversight Appointments: hearings
Appropriations: $$ Treaties Declaration of war Pass laws dealing with Foreign Policy
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War Powers Act Passed by Congress in 1973
The president can deploy troops but Congress has to approve for longer If Congress does not, troops are limited to 60 days (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal)
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The Military Industrial Complex
The relationship U.S. armed forces and defense industries and government Military and defense industry officials work closely with legislators Economic clout Access to technical expertise and political information Personal and professional relationships are close
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The News Media Key participants in foreign and military policy formulation and implementation Roles: Reporting and investigation Agenda setting Influencing public opinion
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The Public Public opinion on issues often divides into:
Militarism/nonmilitarism Isolationism/internationalism Generally more interested in domestic rather than foreign affairs Public influences FP through Elections Widespread resistance or protests Polls Work in nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International
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Middle East map
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Middle East World War I impacts World War II impacts Cold War impacts
Britain and France in the region World War II impacts Israel Cold War impacts Conflicts seen through “cold war glasses” Iran’s Shah is overthrown Islamic revolution Americans taken hostage
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Middle East Carter Doctrine: US will keep Persian Gulf open; declared a US interest Iran-Iraq war US tries to find a friend in the region: Saddam Hussein Gulf War, 1991 Reasons Iraq took over Kuwait Results
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Afghanistan The Soviet Union’s “Vietnam” Results map:
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9/11 What were the motives behind the attacks? Who was responsible?
Why did the US go to war with Afghanistan afterwards?
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War in Iraq Reasons for war? How have they changed as the war has gone on? US attempted to get UN Security Council’s OK Congressional vote to allow the use of force US attacks in March, 2003 Bush Doctrine: preemptive strike Questions: How many US troops are in Iraq? What is Obama’s policy? How many Americans have been killed? How many Iraqis? What are the ethnic/religious/political divisions in Iraq? What happened at Abu Ghraib (2004)?
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More coming on Afghanistan Iran Iraq China Pakistan Israel
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Read NY Times topics pages on
China Russia North Korea Iran Iraq Pakistan Afghanistan Al Qaeda Taliban Yemen Israel Palestinians
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