1. Chapter 13 Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS
Lesson 13.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections: What You Should Know Lesson 13.2 Common STIs Lesson 13.3 HIV/AIDS

2. Sexually Transmitted Infections: What You Should Know
Lesson 13.1
Sexually Transmitted Infections: What You Should Know

3. Warm-Up Sexually Transmitted Infections
Do you think people should be embarrassed to talk about sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Why or why not?
Think of one or two trusted adults that you can talk to if you have questions about sexually transmitted infections.

4. How People Contract STIs
STIs are infectious diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses
A person may get an STI by engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner
Casual contact, such as holding hands, does not transmit STIs
shutterstock.com/wavebreakmedia

5. Only people who have sex with many different partners get STIs.
Myth or Fact?
Only people who have sex with many different partners get STIs.
MYTH
Fact: Engaging in sexual activity one time with just one infected partner is all it takes to contract an STI.
Fact: It is possible for a person with certain oral STIs to transmit the infection by kissing.

6. STIs Cause Serious Health Problems
Inflammation often occurs in body parts affected by an STI
Asymptomatic people with STIs can transmit the disease to others
STIs can damage the reproductive organs, brain, heart, liver, and other internal organs
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7. STIs Can Be Treated Many STIs are easily treated
Some bacterial STIs are treatable, even curable, with antibiotics
Viral infections can be controlled with antiviral medications
shutterstock.com/Brian A Jackson

8. What are the three critical components of effective treatment of STIs?
Treatment from a doctor must begin as soon as possible.
All sexual partners of the infected individual must be notified, tested, and treated.
An infected person must abstain from sexual activity until a doctor determines that the disease is cured or no longer able to be transmitted.

9. STIs Can Be Prevented
The most effective way to prevent STIs is to practice abstinence
Practicing refusal skills for sex, drugs, and alcohol can help people manage risky situations
A correctly used latex condom can reduce the chances of contracting STIs
shutterstock.com/TheModernCanvas

10. Critical Thinking Condoms
Non-latex condoms, such as lambskin condoms, can reduce the risk of pregnancy.
Will this type of condom also prevent transmitting STIs ? Why or why not?

11. STI Resources
Community resources are available to help people with STIs
Doctors
Public health departments
Counseling services
Support groups
shutterstock.com/Alexander Raths

12. Lesson 13.2
Common STIs

13. Chlamydia
An almost asymptomatic STI that may cause pelvic inflammatory disease if not treated
Can be diagnosed with a urine test or with a sample swabbed from an infected site
Can be treated and cured with antibiotics
shutterstock.com/Rob Byron

14. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
An infection of the fallopian tubes and the pelvic cavity
Can be caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea
Can cause infertility or lead to ectopic pregnancy
Click here for the “Blocked Fallopian Tubes” animation
Body Scientific International, LLC

15. Gonorrhea
A bacterial infection that primarily affects the reproductive tract, rectum, and throat
Causes mild or no symptoms in many people
Antibiotics can successfully treat and cure gonorrhea
shutterstock.com/Piotr Marcinski

16. Syphilis
A bacterial infection that causes extremely serious health problems and disability
Antibiotics can cure syphilis in its primary and secondary stages
The organ damage caused by late-stage syphilis cannot be reversed
shutterstock.com/lenetstan

17. What are the sign and symptoms of the stages of syphilis?
In primary syphilis, a chancre develops at the site of the infection.
In secondary syphilis, a red or copper-color rash appears, mainly on the palms and soles.
In late-stage syphilis, there is damage to the brain in the form of dementia, paralysis, and fatal damage to the heart, liver, and blood vessels.

18. Trichomoniasis
Caused by a single-celled microorganism called a protozoan
Easily cured with prescription drugs
Most infected men experience no symptoms
In women, trichomoniasis primarily infects the vagina and causes few symptoms
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

19. Genital Herpes
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 causes cold sores on the mouth and lips
HSV type 2 causes genital infections
No cure exists for herpes
Medication can control the frequency and severity of outbreaks
shutterstock.com/Artem Efimov

20. Human Papillomavirus Infects and causes cells to grow abnormally
Can result in genital warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer
Genital warts can be diagnosed by a doctor’s examination and a lab test
The Pap test is normally used to screen for cervical cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer is often detected through tests that examine the mouth and throat

21. Critical Thinking HPV Vaccine
The risk for HPV infection can be reduced by a vaccine.
Do you think teenagers should get this vaccine? Why or why not?
shutterstock.com/Muellek Josef

22. Lesson 13.3
HIV/AIDS

23. HIV and AIDS Defined
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and kills cells, weakening the body’s immune system
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an often fatal disease in which the body’s immune system can no longer fight off infections and diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

24. A person who tests HIV-positive has AIDS.
Myth or Fact?
A person who tests HIV-positive has AIDS.
MYTH
Fact: A person who tests HIV-positive is infected with HIV, but does not necessarily have AIDS.
Fact: AIDS can develop later, perhaps many years after HIV infection.

25. HIV Transmission HIV can be transmitted Through sexual intercourse
Through breast milk
In blood found in contaminated needles used for drugs, tattoos, or body piercings
Through open sores on the skin
shutterstock.com/Artem Furman

26. Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
Early symptoms resemble a flu-like illness with fatigue and swollen lymph nodes
When the virus weakens the immune system, opportunistic infections occur
HIV/AIDS develops differently and at different rates for all affected people
Worldwide, about 1 in 4 people with AIDS die from tuberculosis.
shutterstock.com/zebrik

27. Diagnosis
The HIV test examines a blood sample for the presence of antibodies to the virus
A home version of the HIV test is available
Sexually active people should be tested every year and every time they switch sexual partners
shutterstock.com/Image Point Fr

28. Critical Thinking HIV Testing
Suppose a person thinks he or she was exposed to HIV within the past three months. The person takes an HIV test, which turns out negative.
Should this person stop being concerned that he or she may have HIV? Why or why not?

29. HIV Test Results Are Confidential
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a federal law that requires confidentiality for HIV test results
If a test is positive, healthcare providers must report the results to the state
The results are reported with no identifying personal information
Some cities and states have laws requiring HIV-positive individuals or their doctors to notify their partners

30. Discrimination
Two important laws protect the rights of HIV-positive people
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
People with HIV/AIDS cannot be denied jobs, benefits, education, services, or other rights
shutterstock.com/Monkey Business Images

31. Treatment
The cornerstone of HIV/AIDS treatment is anti-retroviral therapy (ART)
ART consists of a mixture of three drugs, sometimes called a cocktail of drugs
The aim of ART is to reduce the number of viruses in the body so that the immune system remains strong
shutterstock.com/Akawath

32. What are the drugs in an ART cocktail designed to do
What are the drugs in an ART cocktail designed to do? When should an HIV-positive person begin ART?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention