1. Plants
Chapter 21-23

3. Objectives:
Tell the function and Diagram and label parts of plant organs.
Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower, Seed, Archegonium, Antheridium
Veins, Stomata, Xylem, Phloem, Cambium, Tip, Elongation, Hairs.
Compare the Fern and Peach reproductive systems.

4. 2 Types of Plants
Non-vascular plants- don’t have vessels for water, live in very moist areas
Vascular plants- live in soil and have xylem and phloem tissue.

5. Vascular Plants
Contain vessels through which water and nutrients pass from the roots to the leaves and leaves to roots.
Grow larger than non-vascular plants

6. Non-vascular Plants
Absorb water through their cell walls. Don’t have Xylem or Phloem veins through which water passes. No roots.
Liverworts (Hepaticophytes)

7. Types of Plants

8. Hornworts (Anthocerophytes)
Hornwort sporophyte
Hornwort gametophyte
Have unicellular rhizoids to anchor them to rocks and trees.

9. Moss (Bryophytes) Multicellular Rhizoids anchor them to soil
Moss (Bryophytes) Multicellular Rhizoids anchor them to soil. Diffuse nutrients through cell walls. Need water for reproduction
sporophyte
gametophyte

10. Vascular Plants: have veins

11. Features of Plants Cell walls made of cellulose
Cell division includes formation of a cell plate
Eukaryotes
Photosynthesis (take in Carbon dioxide and put off Oxygen) Food stored as starch (chains of glucose molecules)

12. Plant Cell Tissue types
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cells

13. Three plant tissues Parenchyma: chloroplasts (do photosynthesis)
Collenchyma: fiber support (celery stalks, rope fiber)
Schlerenchyma: Strong support (wood, apple core, peach grit)

14. Cotton, Wood, Celery

15. 4 Plant Tissues
Ground
Meristematic
Vascular
Dermal

16. Dermal tissue Outer covering of plant
Cuticle- reduces evaporation of water, protects from bacteria invasion.
Stomata- exchange gases & water from leaves & stems. Guard cells close when less water surrounds them, and open when water surrounds them.
Trichomes- hairlike projections that protect the cell.
Some have poisons that kill animals.
Root hairs- increase surface area

17. Ground tissue Parenchyma- cells that do photosynthesis
Collenchyma- flexible, long strands for support, in celery
Sclerenchyma- no cytoplasm, support, thick, gritty part of pear, wood
Sclereids-gritty texture of pears, and seed coats
Fiber- needle shaped. (Ropes, fibers)

18. Leaf Photosynthesis occurs most in palisade.
Gases exchange in spongy mesophyll

19. Cuticle & Stomata
Many plants have a protective fat or waxy coating called a cuticle, that prevents evaporation of water.
Look at three different plants for cuticle presence.
Measure amount of mass of each plant after one period elapses.
Stomata- pores on the underside of leaves through which gases and water can go
Found on some plant stems.

20. Stomata

21. Manzanita has waxy cuticle to prevent drying out.

22. Xylem and Phloem

23. Transpiration occurs from the roots and out the stomata

24. Meristematic tissue
Cells that reproduce and make the plant grow up, down, and out.
Apical meristem- cells that grow up and down.
Intercalary meristem- cells that grow between branches
Lateral meristem- cells like cork cambium & vascular cambium.

25. Woody plant Cambium produces more cells
Vascular- makes Xylem and Phloem
Cork- makes more bark/cork

26. Copyright to Holt Rhinehart & Winston

27. Cross section of Dicot & Monocot root
Dicot root

28. Roots- taproot, fibrous

29. Root structures

30. Monocot & Dicot Stems

31. Overview Presentation of Plants

32. Moss Life Cycle/Reproduction

33. Reproduction Sexual and Asexual phase
Spores are produced in asexual phase and grow into a gametophyte
Gametophytes produce haploid sperm on one type of plant and egg on another type of plant which swim through the water in sexual phase and later grow into a diploid sporophyte.

34. Vascular Plants
Non-seed Vascular Plants: Ferns & Horsetails (Pterophytes),Club mosses (Lycophytes)

35. Fern life cycle
Rhizome is a thick underground stem where plant stores food
Roots

36. Horsetails (Sphenophytes)
Reproduce with spores at strobilus, instead of seeds.
Grows up to 20 feet high in Ecuador

37. Lycophytes- look like tiny pine trees Dominant sporophyte
Club mosses have strobilus bearing spores
Have roots, stems, leaves.

38. Reproduction
Seeds are produced in sexual phase contains an embryo with a seed coat and food source for the embryo to grow from when water diffuses into the embryo.
The sporophyte generation is where pollen and eggs are produced.
The plant growing in the seed is a sporophyte generation

39. Reproduction

40. Gymnosperms/Coniferophyta
Appeared before flowering plants in fossil record.
Have male & female cones on same tree, where naked seeds are produced
Firs, pines, spruce, junipers, cypress

41. Bristlecone Pine

42. Lifecycle of gymnosperms

43. Reproduction in conifers
Pollen enters the micropyle (opening) in the female cone.
The conifers produce multiple spores.
Subalpine male cones

44. Cycadophyta Not Palm trees or coconuts which have flowers.
Grow in the tropics
Produce male and female trees, different plants with male and female cones.
Seeds have no covering (gymnosperm)

45. Gnetophyta Gymnosperm- have small cones Some live 1500-2000 years
Ephedrine is produced by gnetophytes
Welwitschia
Botanicalgarden.ubc.ca

46. Gingko biloba
Male and female trees produce round cones

47. Angiosperms (Anthophytes)
Appeared last in fossil record for plants.
Flowering plants
Annual (die after one season)
Perennial (grow back next year)

48. Flowers A flower contains sepals, petals, stamens, pistils.
Petals are at the top of the flower stem.
Flower stem is the peduncle.
Sepals are usually like a leaf and encircle the peduncle below the petals.
Inside the petals are male stamens that have anthers at their tips, which produce pollen/sperm.
Pistils are female organs. At their base is an ovary, with one or more ovaries that contain eggs.

49. Flowers Incomplete flowers Complete flowers
Lack one of the four flower parts.
Have all four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, pistils.

51. Lily
Flowers
Tulips
Echinacea

52. Angiosperm life cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjVHUf4d1I
Pollination is done by animals, wind, or water. The pollen lands on the stigma.
Fertilization occurs when pollen grows and joins in ovary.
Nice smells attract animals, fruit attracts animals so they spread seeds.

53. Monocots

54. Eudicots & Monocots

55. Seed of Monocot vs Dicot

56. Parts of Seed
Cotyledon- grows into the leaf and does photosynthesis (also called the plumule)
Seed coat- protects the seed
Hypocotyl- grows into the stem
Epicotyl- grows into the upper stem
Radicle- grows into the roots
Endosperm- food supply for baby plant.
Hilum- bulge in seed where it attaches to ovary.

57. Seed Vascular Plants:
Anthophytes(Flowers, Trees, Garden vegetables and fruits), Conifers, Gnetophytes, Cycads, Gingkos Produce seeds and have vessels to transport water, nutrients, and store food in roots.

58. https://www. bing. com/videos/search
Seed dispersal

59. Annuals & Perennials Annual plants like petunias die after one season.
Perennials live several years producing fruits and seeds year to year. (Apple tree)

60. Fruits Dry fruits- pods, nuts, grain
Aggregate fruits- form from multiple female organs
Multiple fruits- Form from fused flowers as fruit ripens (pineapples, mulberries, figs)
Simple fleshy fruits- have one or more seeds. Apples, peaches, grapes, oranges

61. Vegetative Reproduction Strawberry
Clones or side runners produce new plants.

62. Potatoes
Cut into sections
Eye or bud will grow into a new potato

63. Shapes of leaves

64. Tropisms Auxins in plants attract plants to light (phototropism)
Prevent seed dropping
Pinching the stem causes branches to go sideways.

65. Gibberellins- increase plant height, affects seed growth

66. Ethylene- gas that causes ripening

67. Long day plants
Need long days to bloom.
Black eyed susans

68. Day neutral, Short day, Long day flowering plants
Short day- plant blooms with a lot of darkness

69. Short Day- Poinsettia Bracts
Requires Darkness to make colorful leaves called bracts.

70. Gravitropism Roots grow toward gravity, Stems grow away from gravity.

71. Thigmotropism Vines attach to structures.
Vines attach to structures.

72. Nastic responses Due to water pressure changes. Not due to growth.
Opening of leaves in day and closing at night.
Pitcher Plant:
Venus fly trap
Mimosa Pudica: