1. FA 105 Music Chapter 7 Elements of Music

2. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form

3. Elements of Music Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Melody Melody 1. A Musical Sentence 2. A Meaningful Sequence of individual pitches

4. Elements of Music Melody Melody Western Tradition A B C D E F G A Western Tradition Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Ti Do Music of India Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa Names Given to Notes

5. Pythagoras Pythagoras Experimented with string Experimented with string Touched in the middle – vibrated twice as fast Touched in the middle – vibrated twice as fast Touched in different proportions gave different pitches Touched in different proportions gave different pitches Established a series of notes based on mathematical proportions which became the basis for our modern scale Established a series of notes based on mathematical proportions which became the basis for our modern scale http://aboutscotland.co.uk/harmony/prop.html Elements of Music Melody

6. All seven notes in an octave creates a scale All seven notes in an octave creates a scale Scales are the building block for all melodies Scales are the building block for all melodies When played from C to C (labeled as a “major scale”), all of the notes are not the same distance or interval apart. When played from C to C (labeled as a “major scale”), all of the notes are not the same distance or interval apart. Elements of Music Melody C D E F G A B C ½ Step

7. Musical Notation Musical Notation Over the years, composers have developed a way to indicate intended pitches. Music Staff – 5 lines and 4 spaces used to display notation Music Staff – 5 lines and 4 spaces used to display notation Lower pitches (slower vibrations) are indicated toward the bottom of the staff. Lower pitches (slower vibrations) are indicated toward the bottom of the staff. Higher pitches are indicated toward the top. Higher pitches are indicated toward the top. Elements of Music Melody Lower pitches Higher Pitches

8. Elements of Music Melody Leger Lines extend the staff

9. Melody can be Melody can be Short and simple Short and simple Long and elaborate Long and elaborate A theme or motif A theme or motif Conjunct Conjunct Disjunct Disjunct Elements of Music Melody

10. Melodic Contour Melodic Contour The direction and “shape” of the melody. The direction and “shape” of the melody. Elements of Music Melody

11. Elements of Music Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form

12. Elements of Music Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Rhythm Rhythm The organization of sound in time. Morning Routine Planning Trips Wear a Watch Spend time sleeping! Eat at certain intevals of time Heartbeat Breathing Ebb & Flow of Tides Cycle of the Moon Cycle of the Sun

13. Rhythm concepts Rhythm concepts Beat – The pulse of the music Beat – The pulse of the music Can be very strong or very subtle Can be very strong or very subtle Tap foot or clap hands to the beat Tap foot or clap hands to the beat Meter – pattern of rhythmic emphasis Meter – pattern of rhythmic emphasis Originally organized similar to “poetic feet” in English Originally organized similar to “poetic feet” in English Iamb Dactyl Trochee Spondee Anapest Duple MeterTriple Meter Duple MeterTriple Meter 243 444 Elements of Music Rhythm

14. Note Values – shape of the note implies relative amount of time for sound Note Values – shape of the note implies relative amount of time for sound Based on Fractions – Whole note…divide by 2 = half note…divide by 2 = quarter note…etc. Based on Fractions – Whole note…divide by 2 = half note…divide by 2 = quarter note…etc. Elements of Music Rhythm

15. Tempo – the Speed of the Music Tempo – the Speed of the Music Might remain constant…might change Might remain constant…might change Some words associated with Tempo Some words associated with Tempo Allegro – fastAndante – walking tempo Allegro – fastAndante – walking tempo Adagio – slowVivace – very fast Adagio – slowVivace – very fast Syncopation – Emphasis on “weak” beats or “off-beat.” Syncopation – Emphasis on “weak” beats or “off-beat.” Example of Syncopation Example of Syncopation Elements of Music Rhythm

16. Listening My Arts Lab Examples Test Seven Nocturne No. 2 (in E-flat Major, Op. 9) Chopin Meditation From Thais Massenet Symphony No. 9 (in D Minor) Ode to Joy Beethoven Adagio in G Minor (for Strings) Giazotto My Arts Lab #1 – -Animated Notation as needed -Closer Look – Chamber Ensemble -Closer Look – Mega-Orchestra #2 – -Videos – How an Orchestra Works: Brass -How an Orchestra Works: Strings -How an Orchestra Works: Woodwinds

17. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music

18. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music Harmony Harmony Harmony – notes sounding at the same time A chord is two or more notes sounded together A triad is a chord of 3 notes that are an interval of a third apart

19. Elements of Music Harmony C E G F A C G B D GECGEC CAFCAF DBGDBG Triads

20. Music does not always have harmony Music does not always have harmony Medieval Era – church did not allow use of harmony or rhythm…only melody Medieval Era – church did not allow use of harmony or rhythm…only melody Melodies added on top of original – harmony resulted Melodies added on top of original – harmony resulted Functional harmony – priority of certain chords Functional harmony – priority of certain chords Tonic chord – triad built on tonic note Tonic chord – triad built on tonic note Elements of Music Harmony

21. Harmony can be defined as Harmony can be defined as Consonant – “pleasing” Consonant – “pleasing” Dissonant – “harsh” Dissonant – “harsh” Harmonic Cadence – same idea as a melodic cadence, that is, a point of rest or relaxation; a musical “punctuation mark” Harmonic Cadence – same idea as a melodic cadence, that is, a point of rest or relaxation; a musical “punctuation mark” Our culture (and our favorite music) has harmonic expectations Our culture (and our favorite music) has harmonic expectations Branch out to other music Branch out to other music Find similarities and differences Find similarities and differences Elements of Music Harmony

22. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music

23. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music Texture Texture Texture – Similar to art, texture is the “thickness” of the music, or how many layers exist in the music.

24. Monophonic – consists of a single melody, no harmony Monophonic – consists of a single melody, no harmony Homophonic – two types Homophonic – two types A single melody accompanied by harmony A single melody accompanied by harmony Although there is one melody, all other voices move together, as in a hymn Although there is one melody, all other voices move together, as in a hymn Polyphonic – two or more equally important melodies played at the same time. Polyphonic – two or more equally important melodies played at the same time. Elements of Music Texture Jump to illustration

25. Monophonic – a single line Monophonic – a single line Elements of Music Texture Back

26. Homophonic – First type, melody with accompaniment. Homophonic – First type, melody with accompaniment. Elements of Music Texture

27. Homophonic – Second type, hymn like; all voices move together, one has melody. Homophonic – Second type, hymn like; all voices move together, one has melody. Elements of Music Texture Melody Accompaniment Back

28. Polyphonic – Two or more equal melodies occurring at the same time. Polyphonic – Two or more equal melodies occurring at the same time. Elements of Music Texture

29. Examples of Texture Examples of Texture Monophonic Monophonic Homophonic Homophonic Polyphonic Polyphonic Hallelujah Chorus – All three occur somewhere in the piece Hallelujah Chorus – All three occur somewhere in the piece Elements of Music Texture

30. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music

31. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music Dynamics Dynamics Dynamics – Relative loudness of the music Dynamics – Relative loudness of the music –Music can be loud –Music can be soft –Music can grow louder –Music can diminish

32. Elements of Music Dynamics Link to Website

33. Different levels of loudness Different levels of loudness Pianissimo – Very soft Pianissimo – Very soft Piano – Soft Piano – Soft Mezzo Piano – Medium soft Mezzo Piano – Medium soft Mezzo Forte – Medium loud Mezzo Forte – Medium loud Forte – Loud Forte – Loud Fortissimo – Very loud Fortissimo – Very loud Elements of Music Dynamics

34. Music can also grow louder or softer. Music can also grow louder or softer. Crescendo – grow louder Crescendo – grow louder or cresc. Decrescendo – grow softer Decrescendo – grow softer or decresc. Diminuendo – diminish, grow softer Diminuendo – diminish, grow softerdim. Elements of Music Dynamics

35. Loudness is measured in decibels (dB). Loudness is measured in decibels (dB). Source Intensity Level Threshold of Hearing 0 dB Rustling Leaves 10 dB Water Dripping 20 dB Whisper 30 dB Quiet Radio in Room 40 dB Moderate Rainfall 50 dB Conversation, Dishwasher 60 dB Busy Street Traffic 70 dB Vacuum Cleaner, Alarm Clock 80 dB Source Intensity Level Lawnmower 90 dB Large Orchestra 98 dB Snowmobile, Chainsaw 100 dB Walkman at Maximum Level 100 dB Front Rows of Rock Concert 110 dB Jet Plane Takeoff 120 dB Threshold of Pain 130 dB Military Jet Takeoff 140 dB Instant Perforation of Eardrum 160 dB

36. Elements of Music Dynamics Loudness is measured in decibels (dB). Loudness is measured in decibels (dB). A typical conversation occurs at 60 dB - not loud enough to cause damage. A bulldozer that is idling (note that this is idling, not actively bulldozing) is loud enough at 85 dB that it can cause permanent damage after only 1 work day (8 hours). When listening to music on earphones at a standard volume level 5, the sound generated reaches a level of 100 dB, loud enough to cause permanent damage after just 15 minutes per day! A clap of thunder from a nearby storm (120 dB) or a gunshot (140-190 dB, depending on weapon), can both cause immediate damage.

37. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music

38. Timbre is that quality which distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. Timbre is that quality which distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. If we can identify the difference between a flute, an oboe, and a trumpet all playing the same note, that is distinguishing different timbres. If we can identify the difference between a flute, an oboe, and a trumpet all playing the same note, that is distinguishing different timbres. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music Timbre Timbre

39. Voice Parts Voice Parts 1 st level – women (high) or men (low) 1 st level – women (high) or men (low) 2 nd level 2 nd level Women – Soprano (high) or Alto (low) Women – Soprano (high) or Alto (low) Men – Tenor (high) or Bass (low) Men – Tenor (high) or Bass (low) 3 rd level 3 rd level Soprano – Mezzo Soprano, Lyric Soprano, Coloratura, Dramatic Soprano, Spinto Soprano Soprano – Mezzo Soprano, Lyric Soprano, Coloratura, Dramatic Soprano, Spinto Soprano Alto – Alto, Contralto Alto – Alto, Contralto Tenor – Lyric Tenor, Countertenor, Dramatic Tenor Tenor – Lyric Tenor, Countertenor, Dramatic Tenor Bass – Baritone, Basso Profundo, Bass-baritone, Basso Cantante Bass – Baritone, Basso Profundo, Bass-baritone, Basso Cantante Elements of Music Timbre

40. Aerophones Sound produced by vibrating an air column Chordophones Sound produced by vibrating a string Membranophones Sound produced by vibration of a stretched membrane Idiophones Sound produced by the vibration of the body of the instrument Electrophones Sound produced by oscillating electrical circuit

41. Elements of Music Timbre Aerophones Woodwinds, Brass, Pipe Organ Chordophones Strings, Piano, Harp, Guitar, Banjo Membranophones Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani, Congas, Bongos Idiophones Bells, Xylophone, Marimba, Cymbals, Triangle, Temple Blocks Electrophones Synthesizer, MIDI Guitar, MIDI Drums, MIDI Wind Controler

42. Strings – Strings – Orchestra – Violin, Viola, Cello, Bass (Double Bass) Orchestra – Violin, Viola, Cello, Bass (Double Bass) Piano, Harp Band – Sometimes Piano, Harp Band – Sometimes Piano, Harp Rock Bands – Guitar, Bass, Piano Rock Bands – Guitar, Bass, Piano Country Bands – Guitar, Steel Guitar, Bass, Banjo, Mandolin Country Bands – Guitar, Steel Guitar, Bass, Banjo, Mandolin Elements of Music Timbre

43. Woodwinds Woodwinds Orchestra – Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon Orchestra – Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon Band – Same, plus Alto, Tenor, and Bari Saxophone Band – Same, plus Alto, Tenor, and Bari Saxophone Jazz Band – Saxophones, doubles of flute, clarinet, etc. Jazz Band – Saxophones, doubles of flute, clarinet, etc. Popular Music - Saxophones Popular Music - Saxophones Elements of Music Timbre

44. Brass Brass Orchestra – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Tuba Orchestra – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Tuba Band – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Euphonium (Baritone), Tuba Band – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Euphonium (Baritone), Tuba Marching Band – Some specialized brass – Mellophone, Sousaphone, Marching Euphonium Marching Band – Some specialized brass – Mellophone, Sousaphone, Marching Euphonium Jazz Band – Trumpet, Trombone, Flugelhorn Jazz Band – Trumpet, Trombone, Flugelhorn Popular – Trumpet, Trombone Popular – Trumpet, Trombone Elements of Music Timbre

45. Percussion Percussion Orchestra – Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani, Xylophone, Marimba, Orchestra Bells, Celesta, Chimes, Cymbals, Triangle, Cabasa, Guiro, Slap Stick, Wind Machine, Marching Machine, etc, etc, etc! Orchestra – Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani, Xylophone, Marimba, Orchestra Bells, Celesta, Chimes, Cymbals, Triangle, Cabasa, Guiro, Slap Stick, Wind Machine, Marching Machine, etc, etc, etc! Band – Same Band – Same Jazz Band – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin Instruments Jazz Band – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin Instruments Marching Band – Marching Snare, Quints (Quads, Trios), Tonal Bass Drums, plus all above Marching Band – Marching Snare, Quints (Quads, Trios), Tonal Bass Drums, plus all above Popular – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin Instruments Popular – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin Instruments Elements of Music Timbre

46. Orchestra Orchestra Jazz Band Jazz Band Concert Band Concert Band Elements of Music Timbre

47. Chamber Groups – Small groups of instruments Chamber Groups – Small groups of instruments Standard Chamber Groups Standard Chamber Groups Woodwind Quintet – Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon Woodwind Quintet – Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon Brass Quintet – 2 Trumpets, Horn, Trombone, Tuba Brass Quintet – 2 Trumpets, Horn, Trombone, Tuba String Quartet – 2 Violins, Viola, Cello String Quartet – 2 Violins, Viola, Cello Many others – Clarinet Choir, Brass Choir, Bassoon Quartet, Trumpet Choir, Horn Choir, etc. Many others – Clarinet Choir, Brass Choir, Bassoon Quartet, Trumpet Choir, Horn Choir, etc. Elements of Music Timbre

48. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music

49. Melody Melody Rhythm Rhythm Harmony Harmony Dynamics Dynamics Timbre Timbre Texture Texture Form Form Elements of Music Form Form Form is how the music is put together Form is how the music is put together Three concepts of form Three concepts of form Repetition Repetition Contrast Contrast Variation Variation

50. To indicate the form, musicians use letters To indicate the form, musicians use letters Capital letters for large sections (ABCDE) Capital letters for large sections (ABCDE) Lower case letters for small sections (abcde) Lower case letters for small sections (abcde) Superscript to indicate similar music (A’ or A 1 ) Superscript to indicate similar music (A’ or A 1 ) Example: 3 large sections, the first and third are the same music, the second is different Example: 3 large sections, the first and third are the same music, the second is different A B A Example: 5 large sections, the first, third, and fifth are the same music, second and fourth are different Example: 5 large sections, the first, third, and fifth are the same music, second and fourth are different A B A C A Elements of Music Form

51. Three concepts of Form Three concepts of Form Repetition – repeat previous music Repetition – repeat previous music AA AA Contrast – different from previous music Contrast – different from previous music AB AB Variation – similar to previous music Variation – similar to previous music AA’ AA’ All music can be described with one of these three terms All music can be described with one of these three terms Elements of Music Form