1. Chapters 1 -6

2.  By 1492, about 75 million people lived in the Western Hemisphere. 7 to 10 million of these lived north of Mexico. They were divided into several hundred nations and tribes and spoke diverse languages. The most important groupings were the family, the village, and the clan.

3.  Kinship held Indian societies together. The kinship group was far more important than the nuclear family. The men hunted, fished, traded, negotiated, and fought.  The women did the farming, except in Southwest tribes where both genders cultivated.

4.  All nature, including humanity, was interrelated and suffused with spiritual powers.  Indians sought to placate and be in tune with these spiritual forces. This was done through dreaming, altering their state of consciousness by acts of physical endurance and self-torture and following the advice of the shamans.

5.  To smooth relations between persons of unequal status and power and hold societies together, Indians relied on reciprocity, which included the giving of gifts and trading of goods in return for receiving prestige, deference, and authority.

6.  Removal began in 1500-1600  Upheaval/removal of Native Americans from their lands  Contact with Europeans brought diseases which Natives had no immunity to  1 million died prior to 1700  Land that Europeans settled on had long been home to Native Americans

8.  In the mid-1400s, Portuguese explorers arrived on the West African coast looking for gold and slaves.  Slavery existed in West Africa prior to the arrival of Europeans, but it was not based on race. Europeans bought war captives from African slave-trading kings. Nearly 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic under terrible conditions to labor in the Western Hemisphere.

9.  Christopher Columbus – 1492 landed at San Salvador in the West Indies; died not knowing he had discovered a new land.  Balboa – crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reach the Pacific  Magellan – sailed around the tip of South America, getting as far as the Philippines  Verrazano – explored the coast of Nroth America

10.  Jacques Cartier – sailed up the St. Lawrence River  Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztecs  Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico – traveled from Florida to Texas to New Mexico  Hernando De Soto – from Tampa Bay to the Appalachains and then to Texas  Coronado – from the Grand Canyon to Kansas  Juan de Onate – proclaimed the royal colony of New Mexico

11.  Samuel de Champlain – founded Quebec  Francis Drake and John Hawkins ( sea dogs) – raided Spanish treasure ships and ports in the Western Hemisphere  Sir Walter Raleigh – Roanoke Island  Goals: God, Glory, Gold  Spanish- took over empires looking for gold  French – established a lucrative fur trade with the Indians  English – sent whole families to settle and claim the land

12.  Spain – St. Augustine, Florida (oldest European city)  France – Quebec  England - Jamestown

14.  Typically, the English colonies are divided into: New England, Middle, and Southern  These are further classified into these regions: New England, Middle, Chesapeake, Carolina

16.  Varied in many ways  Physical environment  Patterns of population grown  Economy  Social Structures  Religious practices  Modes of government  Ethnic and racial composition

17.  Located on Chesapeake Bay  Virginia and Maryland  Similar economies, populations and patterns of growth  Short life spans  Poor health  No “creature comforts”  African slaves were source of labor (replace indentured servants)  Royal colony (crown- appointed governor)  Burgesses passed laws  Justices of the peace served as judges and oversaw new constructions

19.  Church of England  Set up into parishes  6 vestrymen managed finances and how to help poor and prosecute moral offenders  Holy men had to train in England  Always a shortage  People were REQUIRED to attend church or pay fines or labor

20.  Given to rich English elites  1632, 1 st grant given to Lord Baltimore, a Catholic noble  Lord Baltimore would have unlimited control over colony except war, trade, and an assembly to approve laws  He named his colony “Maryland”

22.  Lord Baltimore  Refuge for English Catholics who were not allowed to worship in public and had to pay taxes to support the Anglican church  On an “estate” a lord could have a Catholic priest and allow the people to follow its rules  It was settled mostly, though, by Protestants  Plantation system developed quickly

23.  Offered large grants of land to English Catholic elites if they would bring colonists and pay for their travel  They would receive a 2,000 acre manor  This would allow Catholicism to survive and grow in Maryland and hopefully encourage tolerance by Protestants (Lord Baltimore hoped)

24.  Protestants and Catholics argued  Lord Baltimore passed the Act for Religious Toleration (Toleration Act): established religious toleration  Eventually the Toleration Act was repealed and much resistance occurred for Lord Baltimore

25.  90% were indentured servants (could not marry until they fulfilled their financial obligations)  80% were men  Females often married rich planters because of the scarcity of women

26.  Typhoid fever  Malaria (came from Africa)  48 years old was life expectancy  44 years old was life expectancy for women  Servants died more frequently than others  Typical family would lose ½ of its 4 children  Widows experienced economic prosperity  Typical families often had many last names  Death rate decreased by late 1600’s due to immunities built up by colonists

27.  Ruled people’s lives in Chesapeake  Began in 1618, ended in 1629  Good soil needed and a river source for transportation  80% of homes were within a ½ mile of river and 600 feet from coast  Used “wharves” for loading and docking ships  Poor laborers had horrible lives with little food, clothing or housing, gap between rich and poor

28.  Rarely accumulated money to live prosperous lives  Were subject to rich landowners who would add years of labor for the smallest infraction  Freedmen who had acquired their independence never really made much money, lives were sometimes worst than in England

29.  Over land between Natives and settlers  Violence prevailed between the two groups  Tension  Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter, encouraged an “extinction” war  April 1676  Massacred peaceful Indians  Bacon demanded total control of all surrounding tribes, his rebels use force to control tribes  Many tribes were murdered  Bacon dies of dysentery and his group of rebels breaks up  Land was seized from Native Americans and never given back  Colonies were in crisis  Economic opportunities for settlers made peaceful coexistence impossible  Racial intolerance was motive for attacks

30. SLAVES  Based on race  African slave trade  No hope of freedom  Were not paid  Children would not be able to achieve freedom  Social class status  1680’s slave #’s tripled from 4,500 to 12,000  Conditions deteriorated by 1700 INDENTURED SERVANTS  Could eventually gain freedom  Subject to owner’s feelings and could have years added  Children could gain freedom  Some slaves/indentured servants married/ran off together  Became harder to get English servants because conditions in England were improving

31.  Massachusetts Bay  Very different from Chesapeake  Both expanded at expense of Native Americans

32.  “A Model of Christian Charity”  Boston  “A City Upon a Hill”  Example for all  Religious community  Biggest threat to stability in his community came from increasing “self-interest” and materialism

33.  New England Way  Public profession of faith  Harvard College in 1636  Cooperation between church and state  Established towns  Divorce allowed, but rare  Had less disease, healthier environment  Longer life span, 65 yrs.  Little cash  Gender-biased society  Tension with Indians, Pequot War

34.  Believed that civil authorities should not regulate religious requirements  Was banished in 1635  Moved to Providence, many dissenters followed him  Enforced religious toleration

36.  Very religious  Argued on how to achieve salvation  Undermined church authority  Antinomians, opposing the rule of law  Well educated in the Bible  Many men felt she was out of her place  Winthrop brought her to trial for heresy  She settled in Rhode Island  Resulted in increasing limitation of women

38.  Between settlers and Native Americans  Killing between the Wampanoags and settlers  Reduced southern New England’s Indian population significantly, about 40%  Deepened hostility toward Native Americans

40.  1691-1693  Young girls and a slave, Tituba  Accusations of witchcraft spread through society  Clearly represented social class differences and inequality in society  Paranoia and fear swept society  Eventually Governor William Phips forbid any further imprisonments  Marked the end of Puritan New England

42.  Economy based on sugar cane and tobacco growth (Carolina)  Heavy dependence on slave labor from West Africa, but also tried enslavement of Native Americans  African slaves had knowledge of rice growing and also immunity to diseases like malaria

43.  New Netherland and New Sweden (introduced the log cabin)  Ethnic diversity  Fur trade, “beaver wars”  New York  New Jersey

44.  Founder William Penn  Advocated “religious freedom”  Holy experiment  Quakers, founded by George Fox  Belief in “Inner Light”  Opposed slavery  Land key to success, long growing season  Made up of lower class English citizens  They denounced local customs, refused to give in to the rich and put more emphasis on “spiritual state rather than wealth”

45.  Britain was increasing its ties to America with little concern for a representative gov’t  Crown revoked charters, consolidated colonies, angered settlers  Sir Edmund Andros made governor, took away all privileges  Glorious Revolution: Mary and William overthrow James II, created English Bill of Rights 1689, restore Parliament  Continued struggle for Protestant Control

46.  Belief that a nation should export more than it imports

47.  Immigrant population  Diverse group  Increasing growth and infringing on Native American lands  40% African-born slaves  Male-dominated  Were subject to outbreaks of smallpox and diseases  Most poor never moved up social class  Copied British styles, taste

48.  Depleted soil of nutrients, deforestation  Knew little, nothing of smart farming practices  Native Americans used better farming practices  Slaves, poor farmers lived lives of destitution

49.  Enlightenment  Focus on ideas of liberty, independence, new beliefs, freedom  Ben Franklin  Sir Isaac Newton  New inventions  New books, education  Great Awakening, religious ideas  George Whitefield  Colonists seeking salvation, reached more than white colonists, also slaves and neighboring Native Americans  Thomas Paine: Common Sense

50.  Series of laws, acts which angered colonists  Proclamation Act of 1763  “No taxation without representation”  Stamp Act  Declaratory Act  Sugar Act  Townshend Acts  Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts  Quartering Act  People felt their rights were being taken without proper representation  Colonists protest and fight back  Send Olive Branch Petition to King George  Write the Declaration of Independence 1776, July 4 th  British invade and Revolutionary War begins

51.  Battle of Bunker Hill 1775  British tried intimidation to force surrender  1777 500,000 British troops taken prisoner, Battle of Saratoga, turning point  Continental Army, Valley Forge under George Washington, severe lack of food and clothing, 2,500 die from disease and thousands left  British suffer several major defeats and eventually surrender by 1781  Treaty of Paris, 1783 ends war, US is recognized as an independent nation with Mississippi River as western border

52.  No significant redistribution of wealth after the Revolution  A sense of egalitarianism did emerge. The wealthy simplified their lives and treated the common people with more respect.  The belief emerged that political leaders should emerge from the “natural aristocracy”: men who embodied virtue, accomplishments and dedication to public good.

53.  In 1776, Black Americans accounted for 20 percent of the population.  Almost all were enslaved.  Quakers had taken the lead in attacking slavery.  Between 1777 and 1810, the northern states instituted gradual emancipation.  No southern states outlawed slavery.  However, voluntary freeing of slaves did occur; by 1790 about 5% of slaves in Maryland and Virginia had been freed.

54.  Blacks remained poor laborers or tenant farmers.  Relied on each other for help and began to build their own institutions (African Methodist Episcopal Church)

55.  Little change for the status of women  Majority believed that a woman’s duty was to take care of household and raise the children  Some improvement in female schooling  Believed women had to be educated in order to teach the children “republican virtues”.  The organized fight for women’s rights does not truly begin until the 1800s.

56.  The end of the Revolution posed a serious threat to Native Americans.  Whites wanted to expand into the new territory.  Ohio Valley tribes were particularly vulnerable.