2.  After WWII had ended, the US and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers. ◦ Soviet Union:  Communism- State controlled all property and economic activity.  Communist Party established a totalitarian government with no opposing parties. ◦ United States:  Capitalist system- Private citizens controlled almost all economic activity.  The people elected a president and a congress from competing political parties.

5.  Established on April 25, 1945  50 nations joined the UN intending to promote peace throughout the world.  The US and Soviet Union will use the UN as their forum to spread their influence over others.

6.  The Iron Curtain: ◦ After losing an estimated 20 million civilians and soldiers, the Soviets felt justified to hold onto control of Eastern Europe (land the occupied during the war). ◦ Stalin said that he wished to create a buffer zone between him and anybody else who would be willing to attack the SU. ◦ Stalin installed communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Poland.

7.  The Iron Curtain: ◦ These nations became known as satellite nations:  Countries dominated by the Soviet Union. ◦ In 1946, Stalin gave a speech announcing that communism and capitalism were incompatible and that another war was inevitable. ◦ In a speech given by Winston Churchill in Missouri, “A shadow has fallen…an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”

9.  The US understood that Eastern Europe was firmly in Soviet hands and could not be saved.  Therefore, the US believed that it and the West should prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries.

10.  $400 million for Greece and Turkey – help fight Communism  Bigger issue – protect any “free peoples” from outside Communist pressure.  Problem – any tyrant can claim Communist threat and get help

12.  Make capitalism attractive resist Communism  Help rebuild Europe  $12.5 billion in aid sent to 16 countries.  Western Europe flourished and the appeal to communism by the people was gone.

14.  Germany was divided among four allied powers: France, England, US, Russia ◦ The Western powers kept West Germany, while the SU held onto East Germany. ◦ In 1948, Britain, France, and the US decided to combine their three zones.

16.  Berlin was also divided among the countries.  Berlin becomes East and West Berlin – Russia wants Eastern Europe as a “satellite nation”  1948 – Soviets cut off train/highway access from Berlin to the rest of Germany, in an attempt to force the West to surrender its portion of Berlin.

17.  Berlin Airlift: ◦ Allies respond w/ massive airlift that lasted for 15 months. ◦ Symbolic importance – America determined to protect interests and helped to boost American prestige around the world.

20.  12 members of NATO pledged military support to one another in case they were attacked.  Helped unite Europe, militarizes Western Europe for Cold War. ◦ NATO keeps a standing army of 500,000 troops in Western Europe.

21.  This was the USSR and its allies’ answers to NATO.  This Pact united the Eastern European countries.

23.  Which of the following was NOT a response to 9/11?  A. The founding of the Department of Homeland Security.  B. The decision to liberate Kuwait from Saddam Hussein.  C. War against the Taliban  D. The War in Iraq.

24.  1949 – Truman announces Soviets had tested nuclear bomb  US in 1952 gets Hydrogen bomb, then Soviets get hydrogen bomb next year.

26.  American backed Jiang Jieshi is defeated and banished to Taiwan by Communist Mao Zedong.  The US refuses to recognize the communist government and uses its veto power to prevent it from being recognized by the United Nations.

27.  After WWII, Korea is divided into Russia and US spheres of influence at the 38 degrees.  North Korea was communist and backed by the Soviet Union  South Korea was democratic and backed by the United States.

28.  North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, when they believed that the UN would allow it.  The US called on a “police action” in Korea and asked the UN to intervene.  The UN forces were commanded by General MacArthur

30.  He forced the North Korean army to retreat almost entirely out of North Korea, until the Chinese army intervened with 300,000 troops. ◦ In some places the UN forces were outnumbered 10 to 1.  The Chinese pushed the UN forces back to the 38 th parallel and an armistice was signed on July, 1953

36.  General MacArthur criticized President Truman’s handling of the war. ◦ MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China and wants to drop nukes on Chinese cities. ◦ Truman has to fire MacArthur ◦ MacArthur returns to the US as a hero:  “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” ◦ 54,000 American lives and $67 Billion had been spent had been lost in this “Forgotten War”.

37.  Today, Korea is still split and tensions have always been high.

40.  Elected president on 1952 and pushed for peace in Korea  John Foster Dulles- ◦ Secretary of State of US ◦ Domino Theory  If one nation fell to Communism, then its neighboring nations would fall as well. ◦ Dulles promised that if the Soviets continue their aggression, the US would come very close to the brink of war, and if war is declared, then the US would use all its military power, including nuclear missiles.

41.  Eisenhower adopted a policy of brinkmanship.  Meaning to go to the edge of war by promising the use of all-out attack.  The US would increase its military and air force with this policy and the Soviet Union would follow suit.

42.  Woodstock and Haight-Ashbury both served as examples of what during the “60’s?  A. Youth Counter Culture that emerged in Society.  B. Fear of communism present during the time period.  C. Support for the Civil Rights Movement  D. Political Corruption and undermined people’s trust in government leaders.

43.  Read through goal 11 Handout and Cold War Notes for Quiz. It will be short.  Notebook Grade- 60 Questions of the Day. And all your Notebook Pages. At least 4 of your test.

44.  Realizing that a nuclear war would destroy the world, Eisenhower asked the UN to use its nuclear resources for peaceful purposes, like electricity.  The Soviet Union refused to participate, but the US and its allies did somewhat.

45.  In 1960, a US spy plane was shot down over Russia  Eisenhower admitted that it was a spy plane, and tensions rose further between the US and the Soviet Union.

46.  Because of US support of Israel, Soviet influence began to increase in the Middle East.  Eisenhower promised to send troops to any Middle Eastern nation seeking help against communism. ◦ In 1956, Eisenhower helps Lebanon to resist rebel communist forces.

47.  In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space, which orbited Earth.

48.  Berlin Wall: ◦ Many Eastern Berliners began to flee into West Berlin because of hardships of life there. ◦ Nikita Khrushev, the successor of Joseph Stalin, became determined to stop this by building a wall between the two Berlins. ◦ For more than a century, the Berlin Wall stood as a chilling symbol of the Cold War.