1. APUSH Out of Many, Chapter 16 “The Civil War, 1861-1865” David A. Lawson, M. Ed. Faragher, et. al. Upper Saddle River, NJ ©2011

2. Communities Mobilize for War O The Confederate Congress authorized a volunteer army of 100,000 for one year and Jefferson Davis evoked the Revolutionary War and the right of people to resist tyranny. O On April 12, 1861, Confederate general P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire as a Union relief force approached Fort Sumter. O Three days later Lincoln called for 75,000 state militiamen to serve in the federal army for 90 days.

6.  Between December 1860 and February 1861, South Carolina and the states of the Deep South seceded. Once war started, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed. The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VA.  The critical border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) stayed in the Union.  Lincoln followed an anti-Union incident in Baltimore (see April 19, page 452) with strict martial law and held them without trial. Art. I Sec. 9 Clause 2 “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” Chief Justice Roger Taney opposed Lincoln on this in ex parte Merryman, but Lincoln and the Union army ignored him.  The border states’ loyalty to the Union denied the Confederacy an extra 45% of white people and 80% of manufacturing capacity.

8.  The Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Creek, VA – July, 1861) saw 35,000 Union soldiers meet 23,000 Confederates, along with journalists and spectators. Over two thousand more Confederate reinforcements sent the Union and the spectators into retreat.  The North had the population advantage of 22 million to the South’s 9 million (over a third of whom were slaves). They also had nine times the industrial strength of the South. The North produced 97% of the nation’s firearms, 71% of the railroad mileage, and over 90% of all clothing and shoes.  The South was fighting a defensive war (in which all that’s required to win is not to be defeated). They also had the most experienced army officers, like Robert E. Lee. The South also had cotton, an effective economic weapon - as long as Britain and France demanded it.

10. The Lincoln Presidency O Secretary of State – William Seward, Republican Party leader O Secretary of the Treasury – Salmon P. Chase, an abolitionist representing the Radical Republicans O Secretary of War - Edwin M. Stanton, former Democrat from Ohio who had the job of procuring supplies for 700,000 Union soldiers

14.  Lincoln took decisive but caution action as commander- in-chief. Every action was aimed towards the hope of reconciling the South to the Union, but without compromise of his firm stand that slavery not be allowed to spread.  For that reason, he ignored Kentucky’s illegal trade with the Confederacy. He also overturned General John C. Frémont’s declaration to free Missouri’s slaves in 1861 to prevent other border states from seceding.  While Lincoln provided the military leadership, economic leadership of the war was left to Congress. They funded the war with the help of Philadelphia financier Jay Cooke, the sale of war bonds, and the nation’s first income tax. Secretary Chase also began the use of paper money – “greenbacks” (see the Legal Tender Act, 1862) – and all states had to use the same federal currency under the National Bank Act of 1863.

16.  The consolidation of federal economic power was controversial and would not have been approved if Southern Democrats were still in Congress. They passed because of Congressman Elbridge G. Spaulding’s appeal that “extraordinary measures must be resorted to in order to save our Government and preserve our nationality.”  Republican passage of other economic policies (the Morrill Tariff Act, the Homestead Act, the Morrill Land Grant Act) were like an updated version of Clay’s American system. Lack of Democrat involvement meant that after the Civil War, the Republicans dominated American infrastructure for decades.  Secretary of State Seward had the job of making sure Britain and France did not assist or recognize the legitimacy of the Confederacy. Britain avoided using Southern cotton.  When France invaded Mexico, the U.S. resisted involvement and the Mexicans won their own battle anyway.

17. The Confederacy O Jefferson Davis, a “cotton nabob,” had administrative and military experience, but attempted to micro-manage all military decisions and lacked Lincoln’s persuasiveness and political astuteness. O Davis was unable to unify the Confederacy. No one could, because the South was based on decentralized control and states’ rights. O Governors refused to raise state taxes at Davis’s order and the South experienced inflation rates of 9000% compared to 80% in the North.

18. The Fighting Through 1862 & The Tide Turns O General Winfield Scott’s strategy was to blockade the Confederacy by sea and to control the Confederacy (nicknamed the “Anaconda Plan” by critics). O The Union realized they would not be able to defeat the Confederacy unless they also conquered its territory. O The South’s strategy was defensive with the occasional ill-fated offensive thrust.

20.  After Bull Run, Union troops built up in northern Virginia under General George McClellan, who led 120,000 troops in the ultimately unsuccessful 1862 peninsular campaign to capture Richmond.  Confederate General Lee held off McClellan’s forces and also defeated Union General John Pope and his army the Second Battle of Bull Run.  Davis supported Lee’s attack at the Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862), but McClellan held them back in one of the Civil War’s bloodiest battles (5,000 dead and 19,000 wounded).  Lee retreated, but defeated Union troops at Fredericksburg in their second attempt to capture Richmond).  The war in northern Virginia and Maryland had reached a stalemate.

23.  Meanwhile, Union advances in Tennessee and along the Mississippi River were more successful. General Ulysses S. Grant was reputed to be a heavy drinker, but he was so successful in battle that in 1864 Lincoln appointed him General of all the Union forces and told his critics that he would send a barrel of Grant’s favorite whiskey to all the other generals.  Grant began by taking Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee before winning the Battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, 1862, outnumbered and in the rain before reinforcements arrived.  Further to the west, volunteers from Colorado kept the Confederacy from spreading into New Mexico (see the Battle of Glorietta Pass) and California militias kept them from spreading into Arizona and Utah.  Native Americans tended to side with the Confederacy, and large numbers of Sioux were executed at Mankato, MN, and large numbers of Navajo were imprisoned at Bosque Redondo.

26.  The naval blockade by the Union at first only stopped 1 of 8 Confederate ships, but by 1864 apprehended one third of Confederate ships and in 1865 stopped half of them. The Civil War also featured the inconclusive battle between the ironclad Merrimac and Monitor, anticipating naval combat in future wars.  The Confederate victory at Chancellorsville in May, 1863 (in which Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was shot by his own men), against General Joseph Hooker and 130,000 led General Lee to invade Maryland and Pennsylvania in order to gain the confidence of Britain and France to force a negotiated peace. The Battle at Gettysburg (July 1-3) culminated in the disastrous charge of 15,000 Confederates under George Pickett on the Union center. Union General George Meade won the battle but failed to pursue the Confederates and possibly capture Richmond.  The next day, General Grant and his troops won a battle in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Britain and France decided not to support the Confederacy and the Union controlled the entire Mississipii River.

31.  Lincoln fired Meade as he had McClellan and appointed Grant, who in turn sent General William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops to fight in the Deep South.  Both Grant in Virginia and Sherman worked to seize or destroy everything in the South except civilians. Sherman’s goals were to cut off the Southeast from the rest of the Confederacy and to make war so terrible that no one would ever want to fight it again.  Grant welcomed fleeing slaves to help the Union cause; Sherman originally turned them away for the sake of speed and efficiency. After Secretary of State Stanton established a meeting between Sherman and African American ministers, Sherman set aside forty-acre parcels of confiscated Confederate land for freed slaves.

33.  In 1864, Lincoln was opposed by both Republican Radicals who found him too conciliatory to the South and conservatives who were unhappy with the Emancipation Proclamation.  The Democrats appointed George McClellan, a Northerner sympathetic to the South but unwilling to support the branch of the Democratic party that sought to end the war without unconditional surrender of the South.  Political approval of Lincoln and the war fluctuated at different times, and in 1864 Lincoln was expecting to be defeated. However, Sherman’s victory at Atlanta in September catapulted him to victory with 55% of the popular vote.

35.  As the war continued, Grant followed a simple relentless war policy of pursuing the enemy – something McClellan and Meade failed to do.  Both the Union and Confederate armies lost troops by the thousands in late 1864 and early 1865, but the Union had the population to replace soldiers and the Confederacy didn’t.  The Confederacy desperately decided to arm their slaves for the fight under Jefferson Davis’s orders in February 1865.  The same month, he sent Vice President Alexander Stephens to negotiate peace with Lincoln at Hampton Roads, but Lincoln would accept nothing less than unconditional surrender.  Starvation, inflation, dissent, and failure led Lee to surrender to Grant at the Appomattox Court House in Richmond, Virginia on April 9, 1865.

37.  Lincoln visited Richmond and Grant’s troops in April 1865 after the Confederates evacuated. He relished the fact that “now the nightmare is gone.”  Lincoln was shot on April 14 and died at 7:22 the next morning, passing the presidency on to his 1864 running mate Andrew Johnson.

38. The Death of Slavery O The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 freed slaves from the Confederacy, but not in the border states of the Union. O Lincoln’s paramount object was to save the Union, and emancipation advanced that cause as increased numbers of slaves fled to Union lines. O Abolitionists worked with Lincoln to make a nationwide ban on slavery part of the Republicans’ 1864 election platform and a reality in the Thirteenth Amendment (1865).

39.  African Americans such as Robert Fitzgerald enlisted in the Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry, an all-black regiment.  The most famous black regiment was the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Colored Infantry, commanded by white abolitionist Robert Gould Shaw. He and half his troops were killed in an attack on Fort Wagner, SC, in 1863.  Ten percent (or 200,000 soldiers) of the Union army were black. 37,000 died during their time of service. Twenty-five percent of free African-Americans from the border states volunteered as well. Other volunteers came from Canada, France, the West Indies, and even Africa.  Confederates treated black prisoners of war harshly until Lincoln threatened retaliation.  African Americans were not treated equally even in the union army, where they had the worst jobs, were segregated, and received lower pay until June 1864 after a protest in which they accepted no pay at all.  African-American service led to laws in some northern cities prohibiting discrimination.

43. The Front Lines and the Home Front O The North depended on the service of 3,000 nurses and volunteers. The South had nurses as well, but never the large scale Sanitary Commission like the Union had. O Disease was common, as was desertion (1 out of 9 Confederates and 1 out of 7 Union soldiers)

46.  Stephen Douglas passed away suddenly in 1861. His lack of leadership to unite the party led to a division of Democrats into those who supported the War and Peace Democrats (“Copperheads”). The Copperheads opposed all of Lincoln’s policies and the Republican’s policies and warned against emancipation, saying it would lead to an explosion of black workers in the cities.  Since Lincoln had imposed martial law, Copperheads like Clement Vallandigham and 13,000 others who interfered with the war through protest were arrested.  In general, businesses flourished but citizens dealt with inflation.  The Union instituted conscription (the draft) in March 1863. However, one could hire a substitute for $300. This obviously favored the wealthy, and twenty percent of the Union army were recent immigrants. It became “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”

48.  The New York City draft riots erupted in July 1863, 105 people (mostly African-Americans) were lynched. The motives partly had to do with the draft and racial antagonism, but mostly were simply unresolved urban problems unrelated to the war.  The South struggled because the war forced them to eventually employ the work of women and eventually even in arming the slaves themselves for battle. A Southern man could avoid the draft if he had 20 or more slaves or paid $5000  Starvation broke out in the south due to the northern blockade. Food riots broke out in Georgia and North Carolina.  By the war’s end, ¼ of slaves had run away and the rest were talking back to their masters.

52. Conclusion O The Civil War forced unity and gave the national government a power it had not previously had.