1. CHALLENGES OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 1000-1500 Chapter 14.4

2. 14.4- Religious Crisis Heresy  One major challenge facing Europe in the late middle ages was heresy- beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the church.  1100’s heresy was increasing  The main heresy was questioning the role of the clergy and sacraments  They dealt with heretics by inquisitions- legal proceedings to determine if the accused was guilty. If guilt punished, usually put to death  Dealt with by increasing Christian teachings  Dealt with by going on a crusade against heretics that believed in dualism in Northern France (21 years at war)

3. 14.4- Religious Crisis The Papacy in Dispute  The pope moved the papal state to Avignon do to fighting in Rome. Pope’s resided there for 70 years  Pope Gregory XI moved the papal state back to Rome  Once he died their was a dispute on who would be the next Pope, two men claimed power… one in Avignon and one in Rome  This confusion weakened the Pope’s power and the churches

4. 14.4-Wars and Conflict Hundred Year’s War  1328 the French King died without a son, the nearest relative was his nephew. King Edward III of England. But he had a young cousin, Philip VI, that the French king named Regent  Edward III rightful heir to the throne wanted England to rule both countries and France did not want an English ruler so they crowned the Regent, Philip VI King.  King Edward of England invaded France starting the Hundred Year’s War  English won most battles due to superior weapons like the long bow and cannon  The war lasted so long new leaders came into power  The new King of England, Henry V marched to the gates of Paris  However a young peasant girl, Joan of Arc helped change the war  Joan believed the saints told her to lead the French Army and the French Prince let her.  She led the French to many victories in battle before being captured and burned at the stake.  After Joan of Arc’s death the King of France rallied his armies and slowly took back the land the English had claim in France  By 1453, a hundred plus years from the start of the war the French had pushed the English out of France

5. 14.4 Wars and Conflicts Wars of the Roses  Right after peace was made with France, two families in England fought over the Throne  Lancasters- Red Rose  Yorks- White Rose  Yorks won the throne in 1461, and crowned King Edward VI the new king of England  After he died his sons disappeared  The Lancaster's were suspected  His brother Richard took the throne but could not settle the uprisings in England, he was killed in battle  With his death marked a new era in English rule, The Tudors  Henry VII took the throne, he was from one of the most influential families in England the Tudors. Also he was married to a York and related to the lancasters.  This ended the Wars of the Roses

6. 14.4-The Black Death Black Death  A devastating plague that swept the continent that occurred during the time of the Hundred Year’s War from 1347-1351  We still don’t know what the diseases was  One theory it was the Bubonic plague spread by rats and fleas  Second theory it was the pneumonic plague spread through air from person to person

7. 14.4-The Black Death Origins  1346 the plague hit Mongol armies sieging the Black Sea port  Infecting rats and fleas were on ships and bit merchants and traders who spread it to all the areas they went to trade. Course of the Disease  Almost always fatal  Large dark spots on the skin  High fever, vomiting, and headaches  Once caught usually dead in days  Very contagious

8. 14.4-The Black Death Effects  Some people believed God was punishing them so they beat themselves and blamed the clergy  Some people turned to witchcraft  Some blamed the Jews and said they poisoned the wells and massacred entire Jewish communities  Brought an end to the manorial system, many workers died so the ones left demanded more pay  Many manors were left vacant so the wealthly bought the land and started estates which took less manual labor, helping end the manorial system  Europe and China both lost one-third of their population