1. Greek Philosophers

2. Philosophers – “lovers of wisdom” Sophists – “workers of wisdom” – Teachers – Teachers phileo = love sophia = wisdom If sophia = wisdom and moron = fool, then a sophomore is a “wise fool.”

3. Solon 620 BC – 558 BC Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in archaic Athens.

4. Thales of Miletus 636-546 B.C. Earliest known philosopher Earliest known philosopher Studied Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and mathematics Studied Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and mathematics Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed laws Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed laws Basic element – water. Basic element – water. Got rich with olive presses! Got rich with olive presses!

5. Pythagoras 582-500 B.C. The universe could only be understood thru numbers. The universe could only be understood thru numbers. Sun, moon, and earth revolved around a central fire. Sun, moon, and earth revolved around a central fire. Each planet produces a tone! Each planet produces a tone! Famous for the Pythagorean Theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 Famous for the Pythagorean Theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c 2

6. Pythagoras 582-500 B.C. Pythagorean Theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 Pythagorean Theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 a2a2 c2c2 b2b2

7. an Athenian politician and general.Athenian He was one of a new breed of non- aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy.Athenian democracy As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he convincedarchon the polis to increase the naval power polis Themistocles 524 BC – 458 BC

8. Protagoras 495 - 429 B.C. was arguably the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age was arguably the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden AgeGreekstatesmanAthensGolden AgeGreekstatesmanAthensGolden Age specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian PersianPeloponnesianPersianPeloponnesian wars. wars.

9. Protagoras 485 - 410 B.C. Most famous of the Sophists Most famous of the Sophists Believed that reason and knowledge should be used to achieve a comfortable, safe, and happy life. Believed that reason and knowledge should be used to achieve a comfortable, safe, and happy life. Teachings to equip citizens for life in the polis: Teachings to equip citizens for life in the polis: 1. Public speaking – oratory and rhetoric 2. Politics 3. Grammar – language 4. The art of being respectable Plato named one of his dialogues after him. Plato named one of his dialogues after him.

10. Herodotus 484 - 425 B.C. “Father of History” “Father of History” Wanted not only to learn what had happened but WHY it had happened Wanted not only to learn what had happened but WHY it had happened

11. Hippocrates 460-377 B.C. Founded a school of medicine Founded a school of medicine Rejected that sickness comes from the gods Rejected that sickness comes from the gods Careful observations of symptoms Careful observations of symptoms Acute Acute Chronic Chronic “Holistic” healing “Holistic” healing Hygiene Hygiene Diet Diet Curative powers of nature Curative powers of nature The Hippocratic Oath The Hippocratic Oath FIRST DO NO HARM FIRST DO NO HARM

12. Thucydides 460-400 B.C. an Athenian historian and general an Athenian historian and generalAthenianhistoriangeneralAthenianhistoriangeneral His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens History of the Peloponnesian Warthe 5th century BC warSpartaAthensHistory of the Peloponnesian Warthe 5th century BC warSpartaAthens to the year 411 BC. to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods

13. Aristophanes 446-386 B.C. a comic a comic playwright playwright of ancient of ancient Athens Athens

14. Sophocles 497 BC to 406 BC Sophocles 497 BC to 406 BC is one of three is one of three ancient Greek ancient Greek tragedians tragedians whose plays whose plays have survived to have survived to modern times. modern times.

15. Homer The dates he lived are unknown: Sometime between the 8 th and 12 th centuries ?? famous epic poet, famous epic poet, who wrote The who wrote The Iliad and Iliad and Odyssey Odyssey

16. The Three Most Famous Philosophers Socrates Plato Aristotle

17. Socrates 469 - 399 B.C. Critic of the Sophists Critic of the Sophists Encouraged students to think Encouraged students to think Left no writings – skeptical Left no writings – skeptical Dialectic method Dialectic method Conversational Conversational Based upon reason and logic Based upon reason and logic Popular among the youth Popular among the youth a “gadfly” in Athens a “gadfly” in Athens Placed on trial for impiety and corrupting the youth Placed on trial for impiety and corrupting the youth Was executed in 399 – drank poison hemlock Was executed in 399 – drank poison hemlock

18. Socrates 469 - 399 B.C. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” - Socrates -

19. Socrates 469 - 399 B.C. Socratic Method: I. Admit ignorance. II. Never rely on tradition. III. Continuously question. IV. Formulate your own opinions. V. Test your opinions with others.

20. Socrates 469 - 399 B.C. Socrates’ dialectic method was a departure from earlier philosophers. Socrates’ dialectic method was a departure from earlier philosophers. Earlier philosophers were interested in the nature of the universe and basic elements. Earlier philosophers were interested in the nature of the universe and basic elements. Socrates’ approach was more rigorous and was the forerunner of logic. Socrates’ approach was more rigorous and was the forerunner of logic. Most famous student: Plato Most famous student: Plato

21. Socrates 469 - 399 B.C. “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

23. Plato 427 - 347 B.C. Preserved and perpetuated the work of Socrates Preserved and perpetuated the work of Socrates Most important source of info on Socrates Most important source of info on Socrates Founded the Academy Founded the Academy Wrote dialogues Wrote dialogues Universal Forms was a recurring theme Universal Forms was a recurring theme The Republic – most important dialogue The Republic – most important dialogue “Those things which are beautiful are also difficult.”

24. Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C. Most famous student of Plato Most famous student of Plato Most famous teacher of Alexander the Great Most famous teacher of Alexander the Great Developed Logic as a field of study Developed Logic as a field of study Devised a complex system of classification Devised a complex system of classification Used in biology Used in biology Views on Government Views on Government

25. Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C. Views on Government Views on Government 3 Good Governments: 3 Good Governments: Monarchy Monarchy Aristocracy Aristocracy Democracy Democracy 3 Bad Governments: 3 Bad Governments: Tyranny Tyranny Oligarchy Oligarchy Mob Rule Mob Rule

26. Aristotle 384 - 322 B.C. “All things in moderation” “All things in moderation” “Man is by nature a political animal.” “Man is by nature a political animal.”

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28. Alexander the Great 356 -323 B.C.

32. Not in our textbook or on our standards ??

33. Democritus 460? - 360 B.C. Developed the atomic theory. Developed the atomic theory. Taught that the universe was formed out of chaos through the joining of atoms of like shape and size. Taught that the universe was formed out of chaos through the joining of atoms of like shape and size. Atoma = indivisible particles. Atoma = indivisible particles. “the laughing philosopher” “the laughing philosopher”

34. Euclid c.300 B.C. One of the most prominent mathematicians One of the most prominent mathematicians Wrote The Elements Wrote The Elements Widely used till about 1903. Widely used till about 1903. 2 nd only to the Bible in numbers of translations, publications, and study 2 nd only to the Bible in numbers of translations, publications, and study Greek – Arabic – Latin Greek – Arabic – Latin Said to Ptolemy: “There is No Royal Road to geometry!” Said to Ptolemy: “There is No Royal Road to geometry!”

35. Archimedes 287 - 212 B.C. Greek mathematician – Geometry Greek mathematician – Geometry War machines and other devices War machines and other devices Theory of buoyancy - “Eureka!” Theory of buoyancy - “Eureka!” Law of the lever Law of the lever Archimedean screw Archimedean screw

36. Archimedean Screw

37. Modern application of the Archimedean Screw