1. The Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings (1817–25) describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston by President James Monroe.

2. Main Ideas The Era of Good Feelings was a perceived notion that the country was united politically The United States experienced an upsurge in nationalism/ also in the growth of sectionalism The tariff issue raised concerns in the southern states The American System proposed by Henry Clay The slavery issue- The Missouri Compromise of 1820 The Monroe Doctrine influenced future American foreign policy

3. A Perception of Unity and Harmony This perception was misleading because of heated debates over: (1)tariffs (2)the national bank (3)internal improvements (4)public land sales The actual period of “good feelings” may have lasted from 1816 to the Panic of 1819

4. Changing Conditions After the War of 1812 ended in 1815 and Europe calmed down, Americans looked elsewhere and turned their attention to building their nation. Americans began to change the way they saw themselves and their place in the world. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams stated: “The world will get used to the idea that the United States should rule the continent of North America.” Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

5. Upsurge in Cultural Nationalism Causes: -victory at New Orleans -dwindling influence of Federalist sectionalism and states’ rightism -lessening economic dependence on Europe -confidence in the future The 15-Star Flag. This flag was in use from May 1st, 1798 through July 3rd, 1815, and the two extra stars represent the states of Vermont and Kentucky. This flag inspired Francis Scott Key’s Star-Spangled Banner. It is also the only flag since the original flag to have fifteen stripes rather than thirteen.

6. Economic Nationalism Two aspects of economic nationalism that supported the nation’s growing economy: (1)Subsidized internal improvements (roads and canals) (2)Protecting budding U.S. industries from European competition The National Road or Cumberland Road was one of the first major improved highways in the United States, built by the federal government.

7. Tariff of 1816 After the war (1812), Congress raised the tariff rates on certain goods for the express purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturing Now in peacetime, American manufactures feared that British goods would saturate their markets Congress’ tariff in 1816 was the first protective tariff in U.S. history Northern efforts to establish permanent protection in 1820, after tensions with Great Britain had eased, provoked a backlash among Southern legislators. The South consistently opposed protective tariffs during the remainder of the ante bellum period.

8. Henry Clay’s American System Henry Clay proposed a comprehensive plan to advance the nation’s economic growth: (1)Protective tariffs (raise revenue- gov’t supports road and canal construction) (2)National bank (keep system running-national currency) (3)Internal improvements (promote growth in the West and the South) This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay's American System depicts monkeys, labeled as being different parts of a nation's economy, stealing each other's resources (food) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug.

9. Henry Clay’s American System continued… The first two (tariff/Second National bank) were accomplished under Madison’s presidency However, Madison and Monroe vetoed road appropriation bills Individual states would have to make their own internal improvements An 1824 draft on the Bank written and signed by Daniel Webster, its attorney and the director of the Boston branch.

10. The Panic of 1819 The Panic of 1819 fractured the “Era of Good Feelings” The economic disaster was largely the fault of the Second Bank of the U.S. It had tightened credit in a belated effort to control inflation "Asset bubbles all have a few things in common. First and foremost, they end badly." – Caroline Baum, 2005

11. Impact of the Panic of 1819 State banks closed, money’s value deflated, and unemployment/bankruptcies/ and imprisonment for debt increased Most severe in the West (land speculation) As a result of the bank panic and depression, Westerners began calling for land reform and expressing strong opposition to the national bank and debtor’s prisons

12. Changes in the Republican Party Certain members of the party, such as John Randolph, clung to the old Republican ideals (limited government/strict interpretation) The majority of Republicans adopted what had once been a federalist program (large army/national bank) During Monroe’s term, political factions and sectional differences became more intense After serving as President Thomas Jefferson's spokesman in the House, John Randolph broke with Jefferson in 1803 and became the leader of the "Old Republican" or "Quids", an extreme states' rights vanguard of the Democratic- Republican Party, who wanted to restrict the role of the federal government. (Principles of ‘98)

13. Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise A Number of factors combined to stimulate rapid growth along the western frontier during Madison’s and Monroe’s presidencies (1)Acquisition of Native American’s lands (2)Economic pressure (economic difficulties during War of 1812/Southern plantation expand) (3)Improved transportation (roads, canals, and railroads) (4)Immigrants (Europeans attracted by cheap land)

14. New Questions and Issues Of great importance to the western states were: (1)“cheap money”- easy credit from state banks (2)land made available at low prices by the government (3)Improved transportation (4)slavery- westerners could not agree on the extension of slavery into the west Animation showing the free/slave status of U.S. states and territories, 1789–1861, including the Missouri Compromise.

15. The Missouri Compromise In 1819, when the Missouri territory applied to Congress for statehood, the slavery issue became a subject of angry debate Since 1791-1792 politicians have attempted to keep a sectional balance (Vermont and Kentucky enter the Union) In 1819, the Northern states held a population advantage in the House of representatives (105-81) In the Senate, it was balanced with 11 slave and 11 free states

16. The Missouri Compromise continued… The Tallmadge amendment (NY Rep James Tallmadge) proposed: (1)Prohibiting further slavery into Missouri (2)Missouri’s slave children were to be emancipated upon their 25 th birthday The amendment was defeated in the Senate (enraged southerners saw it as the first step to abolish slavery by the northerners) Although the Tallmadge Amendment passed in the House, the Senate, which held a balance of slave and free states, passed a version of the Missouri statehood bill without the amendment. If adopted, the amendment would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in the Missouri territory.

17. Clay’s Proposal Henry Clay, after months of debate, won a majority support for three bills that represented a “Missouri Compromise of 1820” (1)Missouri admitted as a slaveholding state (2)Maine was admitted as a free state (3)In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36* 30’, slavery was prohibited Dubbed the "Great Pacificator," Clay brokered important compromises during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue. As part of the "Great Triumvirate" or "Immortal Trio," along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names "Henry of the West" and "The Western Star.“

18. Aftermath Sectional feeling on the slavery issue subsided after 1820 After this political crisis, Americans were torn between feelings of nationalism (loyalty to the Union and feelings of sectionalism (loyalty to one’s own region)

19. Foreign Affairs Although the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war between Britain and the United States, it left unresolved most of their diplomatic differences (1)Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): restricted naval armament on the Great Lakes (Britain and U.S.) (2)Treaty of 1818 between the U.S. and Britain: improved relations and provided for shared fishing rights, joint occupation of the Oregon Territory, and established western border at the 49 th parallel

20. Problems with Spanish Florida Roving bands of Seminole Indians, escaped slaves, and foreign mercenaries raided settlements in Georgia and Alabama and slipped easily back into Florida. The U.S. protested to the Spanish but the Spanish were unable to control the territory. Every president since Jefferson had offered to buy Florida, but the Spanish refused. In the early 19th century, the U.S. Army made increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory to recapture escaped slaves. General Andrew Jackson's 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminoles became known as the First Seminole War.

21. The Jackson Expedition President Monroe decided to send Andrew Jackson and an army into Florida to pursue the Indians. Jackson led 2000 men into the Florida wilderness where he expelled Spanish officials, captured Spanish forts, and chased Indians around the peninsula. Monroe soothed the Spanish by returning the forts. However, Secretary of State John Q. Adams told the Spanish to either control the land or cede it to the U.S. Jackson had been ordered to stop Seminole raids on American territory form Florida. By capturing Spanish forts, however, Jackson went beyond his instructions.

22. The Florida Purchase Treaty In 1819, Spain gave up Florida and its claims to the Oregon territory. The U.S. gave up its claim to Texas and agreed to pay $5 million in claims of U.S. citizens against Spain. Jackson was appointed as the first governor of the Florida territory! The Florida Cession also known as the Spanish Cession was given to the United States in the Adams- Onís Treaty of 1819, after Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish forts in Spanish Florida without approval from the current president, James Monroe.

23. The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine (December 2, 1823) stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. (Written primarily by John Quincy Adams) Why did Monroe issue this doctrine? In 1822 the U.S. had recognized the new revolutionary governments in Latin America. European nations were threatening to help crush the rebellions and to help Spain regain its former colonies.

24. Significance of the Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was evidence of the new American self- image. Great Britain also favored keeping the other European powers from interfering in Latin America. (Wanted market access to former Spanish colonies) Because the U.S. lacked both a credible navy and army at the time, the doctrine was largely disregarded internationally. However, the Doctrine met with British approval, and the Royal Navy mostly enforced it.

25. Excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine The full document of the Monroe Doctrine is long and couched in diplomatic language, but its essence is expressed in a key passage: “The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

26. Timeline 1816 - James Monroe elected fifth president - Second Bank of the United States chartered 1817 - Rush-Bagot agreement 1818 - Convention of 1818 1819 - Washington Irving's Sketch Book published (includes Legend of Sleepy Hollow) - Knickerbocker School of New York writers - McCulloch u. Maryland and Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1820 - Missouri Compromise - Greek Revival architecture dominates 1821 - Cohens v. Virginia 1823 - Monroe Doctrine

27. Key Names, Events, and Terms Era of Good Feeling Sectionalism James Monroe Nationalism Tariff of 1816 Protective tariff Henry Clay; American System Second Bank of the United States Panic of 1819 Tallmadge Amendment Missouri Compromise (1820) Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) Treaty of 1818 Andrew Jackson Florida Purchase Treaty (1823) Monroe Doctrine

28. Question Which of the following statements accurately describes the Monroe Doctrine? (a)It caused an immediate change in the U.S. role in world affairs (b)It asserted the U.S. right to send troops into countries of Latin America to provide political stability (c)It declared U.S. opposition to European intervention in the affairs of independent countries of the Western Hemisphere (d)It was fully supported by the British government (e)It established the U.S. claim to being a world power

29. Answer C: It declared U.S. opposition to European intervention in the affairs of independent countries of the Western Hemisphere