2. World History Chapter Three India & China (3000 B.C. – A.D. 500)

3. River Valley Civilizations

4. Objectives 1. Explain how geography influenced the development in India & China 2. Identify characteristics of these civilizations

5. Objectives 3. Explain political & social structures in these countries 4. Describe the role of religion 5. List the contributions of each civilization

6. Section One: Early Civilization in India

7. River Valley Civilizations

8. I. The Land of India Indian subcontinent, located along the southern edge of Asia, shaped like a triangle Composed of mountain ranges, river valleys, a dry interior plateau & fertile coastal plains

9. The Land of India Himalaya, the highest mountains in the world Ganges River, located on a rich valley, one of the chief regions of Indian culture Deccan, a hilly & dry plateau that extends from the Ganges Valley to the southern tip of India

11. The Land of India Monsoon – a seasonal wind pattern in Southern Asia the blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, & cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter (p.72) Farmers depend on the rains to grow crops

13. II. India’s First Civilization Between 3000 B.C. & 1500 B.C. More than a thousand settlements in this region Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro

15. A. Harappa & Mohenjo- Daro Planned cities Constructed of mud bricks baked in ovens & were square Advanced drainage system Well organized government

16. B. Rulers & the Economy Divine assistance Religion & political power closely linked Economy based on farming

17. Rulers & the Economy Trade with city-states in Mesopotamia Trade was carried by ship via the Persian Gulf

18. III. The Arrival of the Aryans Floods, earthquakes & climate change weakened the civilization Arrival of the Aryans brought it to an end

19. A. Who Were the Aryans? Around 1500 B.C. Aryans, A group of Indo-European nomadic peoples, who came out of central Asia moved across the Hindu Kush mountain range Created a new Indian society based on Aryan culture & institutions

21. B. Aryan Ways of Life Pastoral people, with a strong warrior tradition Became farmers, using the iron plow & irrigation Developed irrigation systems

22. Aryan Ways of Life Had no written language Sanskrit - the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C. (p.74) Wrote down religious rituals, legends & chants

23. Sanskrit

24. Aryan Ways of Life Rajas - An Aryan leader or prince (p.74) Carved out small states & fought one another

25. IV. Society in Ancient India Set of social institutions & class divisions

26. A. The Caste System Aryans social institutions & class divisions Caste system – a set of rigid categories in ancient India that determined a person’s occupation & economic potential as well as his or her position in society, based partly on skin color (p.75)

27. The Caste System Caste – on of the five major divisions of Indian classes in ancient times 1. Brahmans, priest class 2. Kshatriyas, warriors

28. The Caste System 3. Vaisyas, commoners 4. Sudras, peasants (darker- skinned natives) 5. Untouchables, trash collector & morticians (5%) of population

29. The Caste System http://www.krishna.org/images/Gita/plate42.jpg

30. B. The Family in Ancient India Basic unit of Indian society Extended family Patriarchal

31. The Family in Ancient India Ritual of suttee Required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s flaming funeral pyre

32. V. Hinduism Hinduism – the major Indian religion system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled in India after 1500 B.C. (p.77) Vedas, collection of hymns & religious ceremonies

33. Hinduism Brahman, a form of ultimate reality or God Individual self, or atman Reincarnation – the rebirth of an individual’s soul in a different form after death (p.77)

34. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aperfectworld.org/cartoons/rein carnation.png&imgrefurl=http://www.aperfectworld.org/10203.htm&h=495&w=500 &sz=92&tbnid=1DYlvIx3vCoJ:&tbnh=125&tbnw=126&start=1&prev=/images%3F q%3DReincarnation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

35. Hinduism After many existences the soul may unite with Brahman Final goal is a union with Brahman

36. http://jyotisha.00it.com/samsara.gif

37. Hinduism Karma – in Hinduism, the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life (p.77) if they are reborn as a person

38. Hinduism Dharma – in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma, it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society (p.77) Duties vary with one’s caste

39. Hinduism Justified the upper class & gave hope to the poor Yoga – a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with God (p.77)

40. Hinduism More than 33,000 deities Brahma the creator Vishnu the Preserver Siva the Destroyer

41. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jain.8k.com/image/hinduism.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.jain.8k.com/hindui sm.html&h=250&w=251&sz=26&tbnid=v8QBSPNLnLUJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=105&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHinduism %26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

42. VI. Buddhism Buddhism – a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the Sixth century B.C. by Siddartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One” (p.78) Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism

43. ConfuciusBuddha

44. A. The Story of the Buddha Witnessed death, disease & old age Ascetic – a person who practices self-denial to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality (p.78) Abusing his body, did not bring enlightenment

45. B. The Basic Principles of Buddhism The pain, poverty & sorrow that afflict human beings are caused by their attachment to things of this world The physical realm is illusion Desire’s attachments cause suffering

46. The Basic Principles of Buddhism Nirvana – in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self & a reunion with the Great World Soul (p.78)

47. Four Noble Truths 1. Ordinary life is full of suffering 2. This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves 3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals & to see others as extensions of ourselves 4. The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path

48. The Eightfold Path 1. Right View 2. Right intention 3. Right Speech 4. Right action 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right concentration

50. Section Two: New Empires in India

51. I. The Mauryan Dynasty 400 B.C. Persia threatened the Dynasty Alexander the Great invaded in 327 B.C.

53. A. The Founding of the Mauryan Dynasty Chandragupta Maurya 324 to 301 B.C. Highly centralized & impartial power Provinces, ruled by governors

54. B. The Reign of Asoka Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya *Asoka is considered the greatest ruler in the history of India Converted to Buddhism

56. II. The Kushan Kingdom & the Silk Road 100 B.C. founded by nomadic warriors, in Afghanistan Prospered on trade Silk Road – a route between the Roman Empire & China, so called because silk was China’s most valuable product (p. 83)

57. The Kushan Kingdom & the Silk Road Stretched from the city of Changan in China to Antioch a port city in Syria on the Mediterranean Sea

59. III. The Kingdom of the Guptas Chandragupta & son Samudragupta Dominate political force in northern India

61. The Kingdom of the Guptas Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist monk spent years in northern India The Gupta Empire actively engaged in trade with China, Southeast Asia & the Mediterranean Mines of gold, silver

62. Caves Prince Gautama

63. The Kingdom of the Guptas Profited from religious trade Pilgrim – a person who travels to a shrine or other holy place (p.85) Invaded by the Huns in 5 th century A.D.

64. IV. The World of Indian Culture Literature, architecture and Science

65. A. Literature: A Lasting Legacy Vedas, earliest known Indian literature Epic poems: Mahabharata & Ramayana Recount deeds of great warriors

67. Literature: A Lasting Legacy Most famous poem, Bhagavad Gita The Ramayana was an account of the fictional ruler Rama Kalidasa most famous Indian author The Cloud Messenger

68. B. Architecture The pillar, marked sites pertinent to the Buddha’s life The stupa, burial mounds & held relics The rock chamber, carved out of mountainsides

69. stupa http://www.sudarshanaloka.org/images/stupa2.JPG

70. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/000aa/000aab23.jpg

71. C. Science Astronomy Aryabhata, the most famous mathematician *Created Algebra Devised a decimal system of counting in tens Introduced the concept of zero