1. “When in Rome...” 1000 B.C. – 476 A.D.

2. Section 2: Etruscans 800 BC – settled in Etruria (Central Italy) 800 BC – settled in Etruria (Central Italy) “People of the Sea”: Italy’s 1 st highly civilized people “People of the Sea”: Italy’s 1 st highly civilized people Pirates, traders, farmers, miners, merchants Pirates, traders, farmers, miners, merchants Strong army & used Greek techniques Strong army & used Greek techniques 600 BC – Dominated all of N. Italy including Latins 600 BC – Dominated all of N. Italy including Latins

3. Daily Life Daily Life Loved music & dancing Loved music & dancing Women could own property and go out Women could own property and go out Social Order Social Order Upper Wealthy Land owners, nobles, priests Middle Farmers, Traders, City-Workers Lower Enslaves

4. Religious Beliefs Religious Beliefs Polytheistic Polytheistic Built temples to the East Built temples to the East Pleased gods using soothsayers (predicted events) and read omens (signs of what Pleased gods using soothsayers (predicted events) and read omens (signs of what would happen) would happen) Humans West: God of Death & Underworld East: Gods of Heavens South: Gods of Nature & Earth

5. Tombs Tombs Buried beneath ground in tombs – catacombs Buried beneath ground in tombs – catacombs Believed life lasted way after death Believed life lasted way after death Buried w/treasures Buried w/treasures Tombs were built outside cities in cemeteries known as “necropolis” Tombs were built outside cities in cemeteries known as “necropolis” Catacomb in St. Mary’s BasilicaSt. Calixtus

6. 1 st Ruler of Rome: Lucius Tarquinius (Etruscan) 1 st Ruler of Rome: Lucius Tarquinius (Etruscan) Etruscan Contributions To the Romans Arch in building bridges 1 st public sewer system Cleaned land for Forum (public square) Alphabet Gladiatorial Games Triumph (Welcome parade for a hero) Symbol: Fasez (bundle of rods around an ax) 1 st temple which is now the municipal (city gov.)

7. Roman Military Romans conquered Etruscans in fear they would regain control of Rome Romans conquered Etruscans in fear they would regain control of Rome By 146 B.C., had expanded empire to most of Mediterranean world By 146 B.C., had expanded empire to most of Mediterranean world Had strong legionaries (army) divided into legions (divisions) Had strong legionaries (army) divided into legions (divisions) Faster & Men could move freely in battle Faster & Men could move freely in battle Well trained Well trained Romans were friendly to those conquered so many would join the army Romans were friendly to those conquered so many would join the army

8. Punic Wars 264: Romans threatened by Carthage (Phoenicians) 264: Romans threatened by Carthage (Phoenicians) Owned N/W Africa, Spain, west Sicily Owned N/W Africa, Spain, west Sicily 1 st Punic War: 23 years long 1 st Punic War: 23 years long Carthage= strong navy Romans= strong army Carthage= strong navy Romans= strong army Rome built ships like Carthaginians w/ a corvus Rome built ships like Carthaginians w/ a corvus Bridge that allowed them to enter ships Bridge that allowed them to enter ships Romans defeated b/c war changed to land war Romans defeated b/c war changed to land war 241: Carthaginians left Sicily in peace 241: Carthaginians left Sicily in peace

9. 2 nd Punic War 218: Carthage led by Gen. Hannibal attacked Roman army using elephants through the North

10. Carthage could not defeat Romans so they raided S. Italy for 15 years Carthage could not defeat Romans so they raided S. Italy for 15 years Romans attacked Carthage Romans attacked Carthage Hannibal came home & lost battle in Zama Hannibal came home & lost battle in Zama 201: Carthage gave huge sum of $ and lost all its’ territories (incl. Spain) 201: Carthage gave huge sum of $ and lost all its’ territories (incl. Spain)

11. 3 rd Punic War 3 rd Punic War Romans attacked after 50 yrs. of peace b/c they felt Carthage was regaining power Romans attacked after 50 yrs. of peace b/c they felt Carthage was regaining power Burned city, sold ppl into slavery, and plowed salt into their fields Burned city, sold ppl into slavery, and plowed salt into their fields 146: attacked and burned Corinth & allies taking control of Greece 146: attacked and burned Corinth & allies taking control of Greece

12. Effects of Conquest Rise of Latifundias (large estates or farms) BeforeAfter Small Farms Grew own wheat Farmers worked on land Imported wheat Grew crops, sheep, cattle for sale Farmers moved to the cities Slaves worked on the farms Reason for Change: After Hannibal’s invasion, Romans burned their own crops Farmers lived in filthy apartment buildings in the city

13. Decline of Roman Republic Rome demanded slaves & taxes from ppl they conquered Merchants & farmers became poor Gap b/t rich & poor grew

14. Section 5: Roman Leadership Reformers Reformers Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus Tribune 133 BC Tribune 133 BC Limit amount of land one could own Limit amount of land one could own Senate killed him so he wouldn’t have a 2 nd term Senate killed him so he wouldn’t have a 2 nd term Gaius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Tribune 123 BC Tribune 123 BC Improved reforms of brother & gov. control of wheat Improved reforms of brother & gov. control of wheat Senate killed him in 121 Senate killed him in 121

15. Generals Generals 107 BC – Gen. Marius became consul 107 BC – Gen. Marius became consul 1 st lower-class Roman to rule 1 st lower-class Roman to rule Set up a professional army open to everyone Set up a professional army open to everyone Problem: Gave loyalty to Gen. & not army Problem: Gave loyalty to Gen. & not army Lucius Sulla an opponent of Marius used his army to seize Rome Lucius Sulla an opponent of Marius used his army to seize Rome Became dictator (absolute ruler) Became dictator (absolute ruler) Increased power and size of Senate Increased power and size of Senate

16. Julius Caesar 60 BC – Triumvirate (3 people w/equal power) 60 BC – Triumvirate (3 people w/equal power) Crassus, Pompeius, and Caesar Crassus, Pompeius, and Caesar Caesar fought with Pompeius but won governor in 58 BC Caesar fought with Pompeius but won governor in 58 BC Built strong & loyal army Built strong & loyal army Conquered: N. France, Belgium, Britain Conquered: N. France, Belgium, Britain

17. Disobeyed Senate orders and took control of Rome Disobeyed Senate orders and took control of Rome Became a dictator Became a dictator Reforms Reforms Redistriubuted land Redistriubuted land Public works projects Public works projects Doubled size of Senate Doubled size of Senate Julian calendar (Egyptian based) Julian calendar (Egyptian based) Killed in 44 BC by senators Killed in 44 BC by senators

18. End of a Republic End of a Republic 2 nd Triumvirate 2 nd Triumvirate Marc Antony (East), Octavian (West), Lepidus (Africa), and all 3 shared Italy Marc Antony (East), Octavian (West), Lepidus (Africa), and all 3 shared Italy Fights broke out b/t men Fights broke out b/t men 31 BC – Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome 31 BC – Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome