1. Unit VII Middle Ages

2. WHI 9a Foundations of early medieval society The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by a) sequencing events related to the spread and influence of Christianity and the Catholic Church throughout Europe.

3. WHI 9a Foundations of early medieval society Essential Understanding The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying force in Western Europe. During the Middle Ages, the Pope anointed the Emperors, missionaries carried Christianity to the Germanic tribes, and the Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people.

4. WHI 9a Foundations of early medieval society Essential Knowledge Foundations of early medieval society Classical heritage of Rome Christian beliefs Customs of Germanic tribes

5. WHI 9a Foundations of early medieval society Essential Knowledge Influence of the Roman Catholic Church Secular authority declined, while Church authority grew. Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements. Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes. The Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.) Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people.

6. Middle of What? The name “Middle Ages” naturally defines the period in relation to the periods that precede and follow it. The thousand years of the Middle Ages stand between antiquity—in particular ancient Greece and Rome—and the Renaissance (or “rebirth”), so it is the period from AD 500 to about AD 1500. Historians in the fifteenth century looked back to the greatness of ancient Rome and saw their own period as a rebirth of that greatness. Everything in between was simply “the middle.” And thus the name. Historians no longer believe that the Middle Ages was a time of barbarism and decline simply waiting for a new rebirth.

7. Is 1000 CE the new 800CE? The period is subdivided into three periods – the Early Middle Ages from 500 CE to 1000CE – the High Middle Ages from 1000CE to 1300CE – the Late Middle Ages from 1300CE to 1500CE

8. Warm up Is this early, high, or late Middle Ages Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 CE

9. Timeline: Recopy on a separate sheet and turn into me Black Death strikes Europe Treaty of Verdun Pope Urban starts 1 st Crusade Da Vinci paints Mona Lisa Vikings invade Europe Fall of Roman Empire Pope anointed Charlem agne Emperor

10. Political and social infrastructure of Europe Between the 5th and 8th centuries, political and social infrastructure developed across the lands of the former empire, based upon powerful regional noble families, and the newly established kingdoms of the Ostrogoths in Italy, Visigoths in Spain and Portugal, Franks and Burgundians in Gaul and western Germany. These lands remained Christian, and their Arian conquerors were converted (Visigoths and Lombards) or conquered (Ostrogoths and Vandals). The Franks converted directly from paganism to Catholic Christianity under Clovis I.

11. Map of European Kingdoms C., 500 CE

12. Influence of the Catholic Clergy The only universal European institution was the Catholic church, and even there a fragmentation of authority was the rule; all the power within the church hierarchy was in the hands of the local bishops. kingdom, waiting in a hostile world for the day of deliverance Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people. Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes.

13. Secular power of the Catholic Church To curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition Canon Law: Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical (church) authority – Excommunication: Canossa: Emperor Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII – Interdiction: Roman Catholic ecclesiastical censure withdrawing most sacraments and Christian burial from a person or district – Simony: The buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons, and offices. – Lay investiture Lay investiture was the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.

14. Rise of papal primacy During the pontificate of Gregory I the Great (590-604), the medieval papacy began to assert its secular (relating to the worldly) authority. Gregory's achievement was to go beyond the claim of papal primacy in the church by beginning to establish the temporal or secular power of the papacy. Gregory was also eager to see Christianity spread in Europe. New archbishoprics, established at places like Canterbury and York, received the pallium (A woolen vestment conferred by the pope on an archbishop) directly from Rome, thus forging a direct tie with the popes. Secular authority declined, while Church authority grew.

15. Feudal society Standard WHI 9b The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages b) about of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects.

16. Feudal society Standard WHI 9b Essential Understanding The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasion, so they entered into feudal agreements with landholding lords who promised them protection.

17. Feudal society Standard WHI 9b Essential Knowledge Invasions shattered Roman protection over the Empire.

18. Feudal society Standard WHI 9b Feudal society during the Middle Ages Fiefs Vassals Serfs Feudal obligations Manorial system during the Middle Ages Rigid class structure Self-sufficient manors

19. “Feudal" system "feudal" system- A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. In the "feudal" system, the king awarded land grants or "fiefs" to his most important nobles, his barons, and his bishops, (also known as Vassals) in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies. At the lowest echelon of society were the peasants, also called serfs. In exchange for living and working on his land, known as the "demesne," the lord offered his peasants protection.

20. Feudalism “org chart” Fiefs Vassals Knights serfs

21. Rigid class structure Self-sufficient manors Life on a manor is the medieval version of a relationship which occurs, between landlord and peasant, in any society where a leisured class depends directly on agriculture carried out by others. Records suggest that the work of between fifteen and thirty peasant families is required to support one knight's family (and correspondingly more for a baron holding court in a castle). The relationship between the noble class and his peasants is the manorial system. Manorial system during the Middle Ages

22. The castle Without the ability to call for significant reinforcements from one’s lord or king, local nobles and other leaders were forced to provide for their own defense. That included the building of fortifications that could safeguard the people and property long enough for help to arrive. Fortifications were also placed along key areas of rivers, which forced invaders to besiege them lest they be cut off from retreat. The Middle Ages was the era of castle building, when great fortifications sprang up across Europe.

23. Knights and Chivalry The knight was one types of fighting men during the middle ages: He was covered in multiple layers of armor, and could plow through foot soldiers standing in his way. Knights were also generally the wealthiest of the three types of soldiers. It was terribly expensive to be a knight. The war horse alone could cost the equivalent of a small airplane. Armor, shields, and weapons were also very expensive. Becoming a knight was part of the feudal agreement. In return for military service, the knight received a fief. Knights believed in the code of chivalry. They promised to defend the weak, be courteous to women, be loyal to their king, and serve God at all times. However, the code of chivalry did not extend to the peasants. The "weak" was widely interpreted as "noble women and children". They were often brutal to common folk. They could sometimes even rape young peasant women without fear of reprisal

24. Invasion and Influence Standard WHI 9d The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by d) sequencing events related to the invasions, settlements, and influence of migratory groups, including Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings.

25. Invasion and Influence Standard WHI 9d Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe.

26. Invasion and Influence Standard WHI 9d Areas of settlement Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England. Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary. Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia.

27. Invasion and Influence Standard WHI 9d Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened.

28. The Invaders In the period after 800 AD, there were three main invaders. The first were Muslim naval forces launched from Tunisia in North Africa. Their object was to raid infidel lands, capture their wealth, take slaves for sale back home, and destroy what they could not take. The Magyars, invaded from the East. Many Europeans believed that they were Huns. They were not, although the name would stick, leading many to refer to them as the Hungarians. But the devastation brought by the Muslims and Magyars was dwarfed by that which the Vikings visited upon Europe. Scholars are still unsure precisely why Scandinavians began to board the longboats and spread out across the known world in the eighth century. But they did and the effects were dramatic.

29. Effects of Invasions By the year 1000, Europe was dramatically different than it had been in 300. Waves of invaders had torn apart the Roman Empire and then wrecked the kingdoms planted in its ruins. The ultimate effect was the birth of a new civilization. The initial effects of the new invasions were twofold. First, there was a dramatic localization of focus and concern for everyone. Because of the rapid attack and departure of the invaders, only local leaders with local resources could defend a locality. Kings were too far away. Because of the unwieldy nature of the feudal system, a vassal whose lands were being attacked could not reasonably hope for assistance from his lord for months after making the request.

30. Age of Invasion

31. Age of Charlemagne Standard WHI 9c The student will demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) in terms of its impact on Western civilization by c) explaining the rise of Frankish kings, the Age of Charlemagne, and the revival of the idea of the Roman Empire.

32. Age of Charlemagne Standard WHI 9c Essential Understanding Frankish kings used military power to expand their territory. The alliance between Frankish kings and the Church re-established Roman culture (Christianity) in Western Europe.

33. Age of Charlemagne Standard WHI 9c Essential Knowledge Age of Charlemagne Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe. The Pope crowned the Emperor. Power of the Church was established in political life. Roman culture was reinterpreted. Most of Western Europe was included in the new empire. Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire.

34. Rise of the Franks Historians suggest that the Roman empire did not "fall" to savage barbarians. The invaders who toppled the empire were Christians who had long contact with the Romans and had become sophisticated and partially Romanized by that contact. The Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Burgundians, and Vandals actually tried to restore and preserve much of Roman imperial culture and its institutions. The Byzantine Emperor, Justinian's, attempt to reconquest the lands of Roman Empire overthrew some of these kingdoms and weakened others. Out of this it was the least advanced and Romanized Germanic tribes that formed the foundation of medieval European society, and the most important of these were the Franks.

35. Clovis and the Franks The Franks provide the dynasty which can be seen as the first royal house of France. From them, in origin one of the Germanic Tribes the word France derives. The dynasty itself is called Merovingian, from Merovech - a leader of the tribe in the mid-5th century of whom nothing is known but his name. The fortunes of the Franks begin with his grandson, Clovis. When Clovis inherits the crown, in about 481, he is only fifteen. The tribe's capital is then at Tournai, in what is now southern Belgium. The reign of Clovis is a turning point in European history on two counts: 1) his establishment of the first great barbarian kingdom north of the Alps; and 2) his adoption of Roman Catholic Christianity, when the other barbarian rulers in Gaul are at this time were Arian Christians (Arian concept of Christ is that the Son of God did not always exist, but was created by—and is therefore distinct from—God the Father)

36. Unification of the Franks In 687, for the first time, one mayor controls all three kingdoms. He is Pepin II, who fights his way to this pre-eminence after becoming mayor of the palace in Austria. Upon Pepin’s death Civil war resulted in victory for Charles Martel ('the Hammer'). It is Martel that will led the Franks in 732 in the battle of Tours. This battle marks the end, in the west, of the apparently inexorable advance of the Arabs.

37. Charles the Great The only empire which has ever united France and Germany is the one established in the 8th century by Charlemagne, the grandson of Charles Martel and son of Pepin III. On the death of his father in 768, Charles - whose name Charlemagne is a version of the Latin Carolus Magnus (Charles the Great) - inherits the western part of the Frankish empire, a coastal strip from southwest France up through the Netherlands into northern Germany. By the time of his death, in 814, Charlemagne, rules much of the rest of Germany together with northern Italy.

38. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800 In 800 a rebellion against Pope Leo III began. Charlemagne went to his aid in Rome and defeated the rebellion. As a token of thanks, Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne on Christmas Day that year, declaring him emperor of the Romans. Although this did not give Charlemagne any new powers, it legitimised his rule over his Italian territories and attempted to revive the imperial tradition of the western Roman emperor.

39. East Frankish Kingdom West Frankish Kingdom Papal States Central Kingdom Slavic States Battle of Tours * Charlemagne’s Rule

40. Six of the hallmarks of the Age of Charlemagne 1. Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe. 2.The Pope crowned the Emperor. 3.Power of the Church was established in political life. 4.Roman culture was reinterpreted. 5.Most of Western Europe was included in the new empire. 6.Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire

41. The Carolingian Renaissance A revival of classical (Roman) art and architecture in parts of northern and western Europe begun under Charlemagne and lasting into the 10th century.

42. The Fall of the Carolingian Dynasty Charlemagne’s empire started to decline already under his successor Louis the Pious (814-840) and collapsed by the end of the 9th century. The custom of the Carolingian rulers to divide Frankish lands among the members of the Carolingian dynasty, typically legitimate male descendants that led to the rise of power of the local lords -weakening of the Imperial authority and territorial fragmentation.

44. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843 The partition of Charlemagne's empire among three sons of Louis I, emperor of the West. It was concluded in 843 at Verdun. The Treaty of Verdun represented the beginning of dissolution of Charlemagne's empire into political units that foreshadowed the nations of Western Europe.

45. Transfer of Goods, Technology, and, Ideas Goods Gold from West Africa Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe Porcelain from China and Persia Amber from the Baltic region Technology Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe New crops from India (e.g., for making sugar) Waterwheels and windmills from the Middle East Navigation: Compass from China, lateen sail from Indian Ocean region Ideas Spread of religions across the hemisphere Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia Printing and paper money from China

46. Gold from West Africa Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe Porcelain from China and Persia Amber from the Baltic region New crops from India Waterwheels and windmills from the Middle East Lateen sail from Indian Ocean Compass from China Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia Printing and paper money from China

47. Lateen sails and magnetic compass The magnetic compass is an old Chinese invention, probably first made in China during the Qin dynasty (221-206 B.C.). The compass was introduced to the Arab world and Europe between 960 and 1127. The compass was first mentioned in Europe in 1190. Lateen sail was a triangular sail that was of decisive importance to medieval navigation. The ancient square sail permitted sailing only before the wind; the lateen was capable of taking the wind on either side, and, by enabling the vessel to tack into the wind, the lateen immensely increased the potential of the sailing ship.

48. Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asia and Africa ___. Silk Road (This linked Asia to the Mediterranean Sea) ___. Trans-Saharan Trade ( Trade in gold & salt in Africa ) ___. Northern Europe to the Black Sea ( Trade within Europe to Russia and Ottoman Empire (Turkey) ___. Western Europe to Rhine River ( Trade in Europe from England to Germany ) ___. South China Sea ( Trade in spices, silk &porcelain ) ___. Maritime routes in Indian Ocean ( Trade in textiles & and information such as mathematics along the Indian subcontinent)

49. A.Trans-Saharan Trade ( Trade in gold & salt in Africa )

50. Axum Great Zimbabwe Songhai empire Ghana Mali * Timbuktu locate the east African kingdoms of Axum and Zimbabwe and west African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

51. African Empires Standard WHI 10d The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns by d)describing east African kingdoms of Axum and Zimbabwe and west African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in terms of geography, society, economy, and religion.

52. Essential Understanding African civilizations developed in sub-Saharan west and east Africa. Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in southeastern Africa. African Empires Standard WHI 10d

53. African Empires: Axum Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River Aksum lay in the path of the growing commercial trade routes between Africa, Arabia, and India Under the influence of Egyptian Christians, the Axumites believed that Christ had a single rather than a double nature (man and god = Monophysite)

54. African Empires: West African kingdoms Location of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires relative to Niger River and the Sahara Importance of gold and salt to trans-Saharan trade City of Timbuktu as center of trade and learning Roles of animism and Islam

55. African Empires: Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe existed between approximately the 12th and 15th centuries CE, and it is the largest of about 150 ruins found in the land around the Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast. This area is filled with granite that was used as building material. City of “Great Zimbabwe” as capital of a prosperous empire Modern historians have agreed that Great Zimbabwe was built and managed by Africans living in the interior. It was a center of gold and ivory trade. Towards the latter part of the history of Great Zimbabwe, evidence suggests that the people living there were trading with regions as far as China, Persia, and Syria.

56. B. Western Europe to Rhine River ( Trade in Europe from England to Germany )

57. C. Northern Europe to the Black Sea ( Trade within Europe to Russia and Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

58. D. Silk Road (This linked Asia to the Mediterranean Sea)

59. E. Maritime routes in Indian Ocean Trade in textiles & and information along the Indian subcontinent

60. F. South China Sea Trade in spices, silk &porcelain

61. The Eastern Hemisphere Standard WHI 10c The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns by c)describing Japan, with emphasis on the impact of Shinto and Buddhist traditions and the influence of Chinese culture.

62. Essential Understanding Japanese cultural development was influenced by proximity to China. Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture. The Eastern Hemisphere Standard WHI 10c

63. Essential Knowledge Location and place Mountainous Japanese archipelago (four main islands) Sea of Japan or East Sea between Japan and Asian mainland Proximity to China and Korea

64. The Eastern Hemisphere Standard WHI 10c Essential Knowledge Influence of Chinese culture Writing Architecture Buddhism

65. The Eastern Hemisphere Standard WHI 10c Essential Knowledge Shinto Ethnic religion unique to Japan Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors State religion; worship of the emperor Coexistence with Buddhism

66. The western hemisphere STANDARD WHII.11a and b The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by a) describing geographic relationships, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features; b)describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures.

67. Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations Mayan civilization Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forests Represented by Chichén Itzá Groups of city-states ruled by kings Economy based on agriculture and trade Polytheistic religion: Pyramids Aztec civilization Located in arid valley in central Mexico Represented by Tenochtitlan Ruled by an emperor Economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples Polytheistic religion: Pyramids, rituals Incan civilization Located in the Andes Mountains of South America Represented by Machu Picchu Ruled by an emperor Economy based on high-altitude agriculture Polytheistic religion Road system

68. Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations Calendars Mathematics Writing and other record- keeping systems