1. Paper Writing and Abstract Writing Prof. Peih-ying Lu School of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

2. Components of a research paper Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion

3. Introduction Components: Study background Importance of nature and context of the problem Concise review of the literature Summarized rationale for the study Purpose of the article/research

4. Methods Selection and Description of Participants Technical information Statistics

5. Methods – Components 1 General introduction and overview of the materials and methods/how the research was carried out Subheadings: population analysis, plan for analysis, exposure, outcome, statistical analysis, etc. Sources of materials and equipment used Essential background information Subject selection strategy (inclusions, exclusions, samplings) Subject characteristics (eligibility criteria, final number of participants, etc.)

6. Methods – Components 2 Specific and precise details about materials and methods (quantities, temperatures, duration, sequence, conditions, locations, sizes, drugs, dosages, chemicals, interventions, etc. ) Decisions on statistical software used, measures of variables (SD, 95% CI, etc.) Indication that appropriate care was taken (human subject approvals) Sufficient detail to allow others to reproduce and verify results Indication of where problems occurred Approval by institutional review board

7. Results Components: Interpretation of information, evaluation of findings, and summary of all data and statistical tests used for analysis (expanding methodology) General overview of results Reader reviews results in tables, figures, graphs, illustrations, etc.

8. Results – components 2 Specific/key results in detail, with or without explanations Comparisons with results in other research Comparison(s) with model predictions Possible implications of results Problems with results

9. Discussion Components - 1 Reviewing previous sections for possible summarizing of general or key results Summarizing existing literature (do not summarize sequentially) Presenting findings as they fit into previous research Interpreting results and putting them into perspective Relationships to existing research

10. Discussion – components 2 Achievement/contribution (emphasis on new findings and important aspects of study) to the greater scientific community Refining the implications Mechanisms, associations if found / look for consistencies, but explain inconsistencies (if possible) Explanations for data that contradict published work Strengths, weaknesses, limitations, current and future work, applications

11. Abstract Components: Background, purpose, problem, what the research does Methodology and/or materials, study population, analysis Results, achievement and/or contribution, implications Conclusions, outcome, associations, applications

12. Abstract 1 The four subheadings Background Methods Results Conclusions

13. Abstract 1-2

14. Abstract 2: The one paragraph

15. Time For