Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 1 Chapter 11 Nutrition in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 2 Chapter 11 Lesson 11.1

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 3 Learning Objectives Normal growth of individual children varies within a relatively wide range of measures. Human growth and development require both nutritional and psychosocial support.

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 4 Four Stages of Growth Infancy—the first year of life Childhood—between infancy and adolescence Adolescence—the onset of puberty Adulthood—physical maturity

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 5 Measuring Childhood Growth Growth rates vary Physical growth measured by growth charts of height, weight, head circumference, body mass index (BMI) Psychosocial development includes attitudes toward food

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 6 CDC Growth Chart

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 7 Nutritional Requirements for Growth Energy needs in kilocalories Energy nutrients  Carbohydrates as main energy source  Protein for building tissue  Fat for back-up energy and essential fatty acid Water Minerals and vitamins  Calcium  Iron

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 8 Needs in Infancy Adequate weight Gestational age  Immature  Full term Breastfeeding is ideal  Nutrients easily absorbed  Supports immunity  Mother-child bonding (Cont'd…)

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 9 Needs in Infancy (…Cont’d) Bottle feeding  Baby formula  Sterile procedures  Proper technique Weaning Cow’s milk  Should never be fed to infants Solid food  Can be introduced at six months

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 10 Chapter 11 Lesson 11.2

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 11 Learning Objectives A variety of food patterns and habits supply the energy and nutrient requirements of normal growth and development, although basic nutritional needs change with each growth period.

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 12 Needs in Childhood Toddlers (1 to 3 years)  Eat less food at times Preschoolers (3 to 5 years)  Grow in spurts  Group eating for socialization School-age children (5 to 12 years)  Slow, irregular growth  Breakfast is important

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 13 Childhood Nutritional Problems Failure to thrive Anemia  More common in formula-fed infants  Milk anemia Obesity  On the rise for children and adolescents  Factors: high-fat foods, overeating, low physical activity

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 14 Needs in Adolescence Physical growth  Rapid growth during onset of puberty  Boys and girls differ in fat, muscle gain  Risk of obesity continues Eating patterns  Influenced by rapid growth, peer pressure  Alcohol abuse  Pressure to be thin (girls) (Cont'd…)

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 15 Needs in Adolescence (…Cont’d) Eating disorders a problem for girls and boys  Pressures to control figure  Result in “crash” diets  Self-starvation Anorexia nervosa, bulimia Youngsters see themselves as ”fat” Early detection, intervention critical (Cont'd…)

Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 16 Needs in Adolescence (…Cont’d) Teenage pregnancy  Girls not prepared for demands of pregnancy  High risk of complications  Teen mothers need nutrition, support, counseling