Theories on Development

Charles Cooley ( )

Cooley He said that the self develops through process of social interaction

Cooley  Influenced by family primarily, then later peer- groups.

Cooley  Used the analogy of a Looking-Glass (mirror) to describe the 3 stage process of self

Cooley

George Herbert Mead ( )

Mead

 He said the self is composed of 2 parts- “I” and “Me”

Mead I like Mead! Very Much!!!

Mead The “Me” portion is made up of the things learned through the socialization process. The “Me” makes normal social interaction possible

Mead  He said the self develops in 3 stages

Mead Preparatory stage-child imitates others

Mead Play stage-child has acquired language and not only imitates, but form role expectations: playing house, cops and robbers.

Mead o Game stage-child learns there are rules that specify the correct and proper relationship among the players. o We learn the expectations of various positions which we interact as well as the expectations of the general audience

Sigmund Freud ( )

Freud

 Id- the drives and instincts that every human inherits, mostly remain unconscious

Freud Superego -society’s norms and expectations, primarily learned from parents

Freud Ego-mediates the eternal conflict of the id and superego, also finds socially acceptable ways to express id’s drives.

Erik Erikson ( )

Erikson  Human development is accomplished in 8 stages

Erikson 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (up to 1 year) 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-4) 3. Initiative vs. guilt (4-5) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) 5. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (30’s to 50’s) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (old age)

Daniel Levinson ( ) No Pictures!!!!

Levinson He focused on adult development-said there were 6 stages

Levinson  Early adult period  Leave adolescence, make preliminary choices for life  Leave the family of origin

Levinson  Getting into adult world   “form a dream”  Make initial choices in love, occupation, friendship and values

Levinson Age 30 transitional period- seeks to correct flaws Changes in life occur However, I have no flaws!

Levinson Settling down-has reworked flaws and seeks order and stability

Levinson  Age 40 transitional period-mid-life crisis

Levinson Beginning of middle adulthood-mid 40’s Reflect on life’s accomplishments

That’s All Folks!!