Unit I PHE 360

Ancient Greece Claudius Galen (A.D ) Claudius Galen (A.D ) ► Studied the relationship between health and exercise ► Determined what types of exercise would impart physical changes.

Renaissance Hieronymous Mercurialis ( ) Hieronymous Mercurialis ( ) ► Rebirth of Greek ideals ► Published De Arte Gymnastica ► Preventive and therapeutic exercises

19th Centruy Physical Education Programs in the United States Dr. Edward Hitchcock ( ) hired in 1861 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College Dr. Edward Hitchcock ( ) hired in 1861 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College

Hitchcock ► Medical Degree ► First physical educator to receive professorial status ► Developed system of anthropometrics: measurement of man. Used measurements to chart student progress.

Dr. Dudley A. Sargent ( ) Dr. Dudley A. Sargent ( ) ► In 1879 hired as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University ► Developed over 90 patents for exercise machines. ► Used individual exercises based on anthropometrics.

Norms ► Based on data collected by Hitchcock and Sargent norms were established for college level physical performance. ► Norms are performance standards collected from a large number of subjects. Norms are based on age, gender, experience, ability, and other characteristics.

Norms (cont.) ► Norms can be used to create standards or expectations of performance. ► Norms can then be used to make realistic standards for students to meet.

20 th Century ► Testing in physical education expanded to a number of attributes other than anthropometrics.

Attributes ► Classification of body types ► Body composition ► Power ► Agility ► Motor ability ► Balance ► Flexibility ► Speed and Reaction time ► Strength ► CV endurance ► Sport skills ► Posture ► Social and Psych ► Knowledge

Physical Fitness Testing ► Military preparedness in WWI and WWII ► Tests were utilized to determine physical eligibility of draftees. ► Kraus-Weber Test: American school aged students were compared to Europeans in ► 60% of American students failed; 9% of European students failed

Fitness (cont.) ► Kraus-Weber test results prompted President Eisenhower in 1956 to establish the President’s Council on Youth Fitness ► A national physical fitness test was developed

Pertinent Questions ► Did the program fulfill the course objectives? ► What percentage of the students enrolled in the course achieved the objectives? ► Why was there a percentage of students who did not fulfill the objectives? ► What was the degree of improvement among students?

Test A test is an instrument used to gain information about individuals or objects.

Measurement Measurement is the procedures used to collect information.

Quantification ► Quantifiable in terms of time, distance, amount, or number correct. ► Quantification is the assignment of numbers to objects or events to describe their properties

Evaluation Evaluation is the process of determining the value or worth of collected data.

Summary A test is an instrument used to gain information, e.g., a scale; measurement is a procedure for collecting the information, e.g., student will step on scale and numerical weight is recorded; and evaluation is a process of determining the value or worth of the information, e.g., what does the student’s weight mean.