End Show 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Roles of RNA and DNA The cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints.” The DNA stays in the nucleus. The RNA molecules go to the protein building sites in the cytoplasm—the ribosomes.

End Show 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 2 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Proteins Genes contain instructions for assembling proteins. Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions. Proteins are each specifically designed to build or operate a component of a living cell.

End Show 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Proteins The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Codon mRNA Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide Single strand of DNA

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End Show Slide 5 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule? a.messenger RNA b.DNA c.transfer RNA d.ribosomal RNA

End Show Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is a.thymine. b.uracil. c.cytosine. d.adenine.

End Show Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is a.transfer RNA. b.DNA. c.messenger RNA. d.ribosomal RNA.

End Show Slide 8 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an) a.single base pair in RNA. b.single amino acid. c.entire protein. d.single base pair in DNA.

End Show Slide 9 of Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What happens when there is a problem with the DNA sequence?

End Show Slide 10 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-4 Mutations 12–4 Mutations

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 11 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-4 Mutations What are mutations?

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 12 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-4 Mutations Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 13 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 14 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Gene Mutations Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 15 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 16 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic. The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons. Changes like these are called frameshift mutations.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 17 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation. Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 18 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 19 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 20 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 21 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 22 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 23 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 24 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

End Show 12–4 Mutations Slide 25 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Significance of Mutations Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression. Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders.

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End Show Slide 27 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an) a.duplication. b.deletion. c.inversion. d.point mutation.

End Show Slide 28 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an) a.frameshift mutation. b.point mutation. c.chromosomal mutation. d.inversion.

End Show Slide 29 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an) a.deletion. b.inversion. c.duplication. d.point mutation.

End Show Slide 30 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called a.a deletion. b.a frameshift mutation. c.an insertion. d.a substitution.

End Show Slide 31 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an) a.inversion. b.deletion. c.substitution. d.translocation.

End Show Slide 32 of 24 It’s ragning cats and dogs outnide Substitution of g instead of i in raining Substitution of n instead of s in outside.

End Show Slide 33 of 24 It’s raining cats and frogs dogs outside Insertion of the word frogs

End Show Slide 34 of 24 It’s raining raining cats and dogs outside Insertion (duplication) of the word raining a second time

End Show Slide 35 of 24 It’s raining dogs outside. Deletion of the word cats and the word and.

End Show Slide 36 of 24 It’s raining edistuo sgod dna stac. Inversion of the phrase cats and dogs outside.

End Show Slide 37 of 24 It’s raining cats anfrogsd dogs outside. Insertion of the word frogs in the middle of the word and.

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