1. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology
Biology
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4 Mutations
12-4 Mutations
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12-4 Mutations
What are mutations?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12-4 Mutations
Mutations are _____________ in the genetic material.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Kinds of Mutations
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as ______ mutations.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as ______________ mutations.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Gene Mutations 
Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as _______ ______________ because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
Point mutations include_______________, insertions, and deletions.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Substitutions usually affect no more than a _________ amino acid.
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. In a substitution, one base replaces another.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic.
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of____________.
Changes like these are called ____________ mutations.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

9. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that _____________the point of the mutation.
Frameshift mutations can alter a protein so much that it is __________ _________ ______________its normal functions.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
In an insertion, an _______ ________ is inserted into a base sequence.
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is _______________.
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. The loss of a single letter in a sentence models the effects of the deletion of one base in a DNA sequence.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations 
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of __________________.
Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and ________________.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Deletions involve the ___________ of all or part of a chromosome.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Duplications produce _________copies of parts of a chromosome.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Inversions ____________ the direction of parts of chromosomes.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kinds of Mutations
Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome ________ __________and attaches to another.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17. Significance of Mutations
Many mutations have little or no __________on gene expression.
Some mutations are the cause of____________ _________________.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18. Significance of Mutations
Beneficial mutations may produce proteins with new or altered activities that can be_____________.
__________________ is the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4
A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an)
duplication.
deletion.
inversion.
point mutation.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4
A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an)
frameshift mutation.
point mutation.
chromosomal mutation.
inversion.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4
A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an)
deletion.
inversion.
duplication.
point mutation.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4
The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called
a deletion.
a frameshift mutation.
an insertion.
a substitution.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–4
When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an)
inversion.
deletion.
substitution.
translocation.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. END OF SECTION