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2. Amoeba Sisters

3. MUTATIONS: Mutations are changes in the genetic material.
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MUTATIONS: Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

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Kinds of Mutations
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations.
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.

5. Kinds of Mutations
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Gene Mutations 
Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

6. Kinds of Mutations: substitutions
Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid.
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. In a substitution, one base replaces another.
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7. Kinds of Mutations: frameshift
The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic.
The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons.
Changes like these are called frameshift mutations.
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8. Kinds of Mutations: insertion
In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.
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9. Kinds of Mutations: deletion
In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted.
Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. The loss of a single letter in a sentence models the effects of the deletion of one base in a DNA sequence.
Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.
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10. Kinds of Mutations: chromosomal
Chromosomal Mutations 
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
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11. Kinds of Mutations: Duplication
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Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.

12. Kinds of Mutations: inversion
Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
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13. Kinds of Mutations: translocation
Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
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14. Significance of Mutations
Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression.
Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders.
Polyploidy is the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
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15. 12–4
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A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an)
duplication.
deletion.
inversion.
point mutation.

16. 12–4
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A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an)
frameshift mutation.
point mutation.
chromosomal mutation.
inversion.

17. 12–4
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A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an)
deletion.
inversion.
duplication.
point mutation.

18. 12–4
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The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called
a deletion.
a frameshift mutation.
an insertion.
a substitution.

19. 12–4
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When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an)
inversion.
deletion.
substitution.
translocation.