1. Slide 1 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. Slide 2 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-4 Mutations 12–4 Mutations

3. Slide 3 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-4 Mutations Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

4. Slide 4 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.

5. Slide 5 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Gene Mutations Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

6. Slide 6 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid.

7. Slide 7 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic. The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons. Changes like these are called frameshift mutations.

8. Slide 8 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.

9. Slide 9 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted.

10. Slide 10 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.

11. Slide 11 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.

12. Slide 12 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.

13. Slide 13 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.

14. Slide 14 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Kinds of Mutations Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

15. Slide 15 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Significance of Mutations Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression. Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders. Polyploidy is the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

16. Slide 16 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4

17. Slide 17 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an) 1.duplication. 2.deletion. 3.inversion. 4.point mutation.

18. Slide 18 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an) 1.frameshift mutation. 2.point mutation. 3.chromosomal mutation. 4.inversion.

19. Slide 19 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an) 1.deletion. 2.inversion. 3.duplication. 4.point mutation.

20. Slide 20 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called 1.a deletion. 2.a frameshift mutation. 3.an insertion. 4.a substitution.

21. Slide 21 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–4 When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an) 1.inversion. 2.deletion. 3.substitution. 4.translocation.

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