The Peopling of the World Chapter 1

How do we study life before the invention of writing?

Main Ideas Interaction with the Environment – As humans spread out over the world, they adapted to each environment they encountered Interaction with the Environment – As humans spread out over the world, they adapted to each environment they encountered Science and Technology – The earliest peoples came up with new ideas and inventions in order to survive Science and Technology – The earliest peoples came up with new ideas and inventions in order to survive Economics – Early humans hunted and gathered wild plant foods for 3-4 million years. About 1,000 years ago they learned to tame animals and plant crops Economics – Early humans hunted and gathered wild plant foods for 3-4 million years. About 1,000 years ago they learned to tame animals and plant crops

Human Origins in Africa

Main Idea Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa in the Great Rift Valley and spread across the globe Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa in the Great Rift Valley and spread across the globe

Search for Human Origins

Archaeology Archaeologists work like detectives to uncover the story of prehistoric peoples Archaeologists work like detectives to uncover the story of prehistoric peoples They learn about early people by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements They learn about early people by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements

Archaeology Archaeologists analyze evidence such as bones and artifacts- human made objects such as jewelry and tools Archaeologists analyze evidence such as bones and artifacts- human made objects such as jewelry and tools

What kinds of things can archaeologists learn from studying bones and artifacts?

Archaeology Bones Bones What people looked like What people looked like How tall they were How tall they were How they died How they died Diseases they had Diseases they had Food they ate Food they ate How long they lived How long they lived Artifacts Artifacts How people dressed How people dressed How people worshipped How people worshipped Clothes they wore Clothes they wore

Anthropology Anthropologists study culture Anthropologists study culture Culture- people’s unique way of life Culture- people’s unique way of life They use artifacts to recreate a picture of early people’s cultural behaviors They use artifacts to recreate a picture of early people’s cultural behaviors Elements of culture – Elements of culture –

Paleontology Paleontologists study fossils Paleontologists study fossils

Early Footprints Found In 1978, archaeologist Mary Leakey led an expedition in Tanzania, Africa where they found footprints of a hominid –creatures that walk upright In 1978, archaeologist Mary Leakey led an expedition in Tanzania, Africa where they found footprints of a hominid –creatures that walk upright Believed to be 3.6 million years old Believed to be 3.6 million years old

Lucy 1974, anthropologist found the skeleton of a hominid in Ethiopia 1974, anthropologist found the skeleton of a hominid in Ethiopia 3.5 million years old 3.5 million years old

Australopithecines Walked upright Walked upright –Easier to spot threats –Easier to carry children and food –Travel distances more easily Had opposable thumbs Had opposable thumbs –Able to pick up small objects and make tools

Stone Age 2 parts 2 parts Paleolithic Age Paleolithic Age –2.5 million to 8000 BC –Stone tools Neolithic Age Neolithic Age –8000 BC to 3000 BC –Polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals

Homo habilis Man of skill East Africa 2.5 million years ago Believed to have used tools for cutting meat and cracking open bones

Homo erectus Upright man Upright man 1.6 million years ago 1.6 million years ago More intelligent and adaptable More intelligent and adaptable Developed technology- ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs Developed technology- ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs Skillful hunters Skillful hunters First hominids to migrate from Africa First hominids to migrate from Africa First to use fire First to use fire May have developed spoken language May have developed spoken language

Dawn of Modern Humans Homo sapiens – species name for modern humans, “wise men” Homo sapiens – species name for modern humans, “wise men” Much larger brains Much larger brains First believed that Neanderthals and Cro- Magnons were traditionally classified as early groups of homo sapiens First believed that Neanderthals and Cro- Magnons were traditionally classified as early groups of homo sapiens Proven that Neanderthals were not related but may have competed with Cro-Magnons for land and food Proven that Neanderthals were not related but may have competed with Cro-Magnons for land and food

Neanderthals Slanted brows, well developed muscles, thick bones Slanted brows, well developed muscles, thick bones Tried to explain and control their world Tried to explain and control their world Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals Used caves or temporary shelters to survive the harsh winters Used caves or temporary shelters to survive the harsh winters

Cro-Magnons About 40,000 years ago About 40,000 years ago Skeletal remains are identical to humans Skeletal remains are identical to humans Strong and about 5 ½ feet tall Strong and about 5 ½ feet tall Planned hunts, stalked prey Planned hunts, stalked prey Advanced skills in spoken language Advanced skills in spoken language

New Findings Ape-like fossils recently discovered in Chad and Kenya date back 6 to 7 million years Ape-like fossils recently discovered in Chad and Kenya date back 6 to 7 million years May be the earliest hominids May be the earliest hominids Researchers in 1996 discovered a Neanderthal bone flute – suggests they had musical expression Researchers in 1996 discovered a Neanderthal bone flute – suggests they had musical expression

Humans Try to Control Nature

Main Idea Development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life Development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life

Early Advances in Technology and Art For thousands of years people were nomads – people who moved from place to place foraging for food For thousands of years people were nomads – people who moved from place to place foraging for food Hunter-gatherers – groups whose foods supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods Hunter-gatherers – groups whose foods supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods Tools- Cro-Magnons used tools like spears and digging sticks to increase their food supply Tools- Cro-Magnons used tools like spears and digging sticks to increase their food supply

Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Age Necklaces of seashells, lion teeth, bear claws Necklaces of seashells, lion teeth, bear claws Beads from mammoth tusks Beads from mammoth tusks Small sculptures of animals Small sculptures of animals Cave paintings exist all over the world Cave paintings exist all over the world

Beginnings of Agriculture About 10,000 years ago About 10,000 years ago Neolithic Revolution – agricultural revolution Neolithic Revolution – agricultural revolution Shift from food gathering to food producing Shift from food gathering to food producing

What are the causes of the Neolithic Revolution?

Causes of Neolithic Revolution Change in climate Change in climate Rising temperatures allowed for longer growing seasons Rising temperatures allowed for longer growing seasons Rich supply of grain led to population increase Rich supply of grain led to population increase Farming provided a steady food source for new larger populations Farming provided a steady food source for new larger populations

Early Farming Methods Slash and burn – cut trees or grasses and burn them to clear a field Slash and burn – cut trees or grasses and burn them to clear a field Ashes provide fertilizer Ashes provide fertilizer Farmers plant for a year or two then move on Farmers plant for a year or two then move on

Domestication of Animals Domestication – taming Domestication – taming Horses, dogs, pigs, and goats Horses, dogs, pigs, and goats Slow process from hunting animals to driving them into enclosures and taming them Slow process from hunting animals to driving them into enclosures and taming them

Villages Grow and Prosper Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and develop villages Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and develop villages Benefits-allowed for support of skilled workers such as weavers and potters Benefits-allowed for support of skilled workers such as weavers and potters Drawbacks- fire, disease, floods, drought, enemies Drawbacks- fire, disease, floods, drought, enemies

Civilization

Main Idea Prosperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new technology led to the rise of civilizations Prosperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new technology led to the rise of civilizations

Villages Grow into Cities As people developed better technology to control their environment they reaped larger harvests As people developed better technology to control their environment they reaped larger harvests Settlements with plentiful food supplies could support larger populations Settlements with plentiful food supplies could support larger populations

Economic Changes Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue jobs other than farming and develop new skills Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue jobs other than farming and develop new skills Craftspeople created valuable new products such as pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth Craftspeople created valuable new products such as pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth People also began to trade goods with each other People also began to trade goods with each other Helped by the invention of the wheel and the sail Helped by the invention of the wheel and the sail

Social Changes Social classes began to emerge as cities grew Social classes began to emerge as cities grew People now had different jobs and varying levels of wealth and power People now had different jobs and varying levels of wealth and power Religion became more organized Religion became more organized –Common spiritual values became lasting traditions

What are the characteristics of a civilization?

How civilization develops Civilization- complex culture with 5 characteristics Civilization- complex culture with 5 characteristics 1. advanced cities 1. advanced cities 2. specialized workers 2. specialized workers 3. complex institutions 3. complex institutions 4. record keeping 4. record keeping 5. advanced technology 5. advanced technology

Advanced Cities Birthplaces of the first civilizations Birthplaces of the first civilizations Center of trade for a larger area Center of trade for a larger area

Specialized Workers Specialization- development of skills in a specific kind of work Specialization- development of skills in a specific kind of work Artisans – skilled workers who make goods by hand Artisans – skilled workers who make goods by hand Food surpluses allowed people to become experts at one job Food surpluses allowed people to become experts at one job

Complex Institutions Institutions- long-lasting pattern of organization in a community Institutions- long-lasting pattern of organization in a community Government, religion, economy Government, religion, economy

Record keeping Record keeping became more necessary as institutions became more complex Record keeping became more necessary as institutions became more complex Tax collection, laws, storage of grain Tax collection, laws, storage of grain Calendar for religious rituals Calendar for religious rituals Debts and payments Debts and payments Scribes- professional record keepers Scribes- professional record keepers Cuneiform- early system of writing invented in Sumer Cuneiform- early system of writing invented in Sumer Soon began writing about things other than records such as dramatic events Soon began writing about things other than records such as dramatic events

Improved Technology Needed to solve problems that arose when large groups of people live together Needed to solve problems that arose when large groups of people live together Using animals to pull plows Using animals to pull plows Irrigation to water fields Irrigation to water fields Potter’s wheel Potter’s wheel Bronze Age- when people began using bronze rather than copper or stone Bronze Age- when people began using bronze rather than copper or stone Began around 3000 BC Began around 3000 BC

Ur in Sumer One of the first civilizations One of the first civilizations 30,000 people 30,000 people Flourished around 3000 BC Flourished around 3000 BC Well defined social classes Well defined social classes Abundant trade Abundant trade

What was the Neolithic Revolution and why was it important?