Review

Questions: What is a single unit of DNA called? Nucleotide What shape is DNA? Double Helix What are the four letters / bases in DNA? A, T, G, C What are the complementary base pairs? A & T; C & G

Review: Do all living things have DNA? Yes Are Bacteria alive? Yes Where in our bodies do we find DNA? In all of our cells Where in our cells do we have DNA? In the Nucleus of our cells

Review: What is the name for the process where a copy of DNA is made? Replication Where does Replication take place in the cell? In the nucleus.

Questions: What is the name for the process where an RNA message is made from a section of DNA? Transcription What is the name of this message? mRNA Where does transcription take place? In the nucleus.

DNA Translation From Code to Protein

Translation: From Code to Protein Translation – The process where the code on the mRNA is translated into amino-acids, making a protein. Protein Amino Acid Amino acids – Molecules that make a protein when put together. Protein – A biomolecule that does all the work in the cell.

Translation: From Code to Protein First After transcription, the mRNA leaves the nucleus. It goes out into the cytoplasm. The process of translation now begins in the cytoplasm.

The Process: Second, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA. Ribosome – The cell part that puts amino acids together to make a protein using the mRNA code. Ribosome

Review: What is the process where the code on the mRNA is read and turned into amino acids? Translation What do you make when you put amino acids together? Protein Where does this process take place in the cell? In the Cytoplasm

The Process: Third, the ribosome moves down to the Start codon, AUG. Codon – A set of 3 bases on the mRNA that codes for an amino acid and pairs with an Anti-Codon. Start Codon Codon

Review: What is the name for the short sequence of RNA bases that codes for an amino acid? Codon How many bases are in a Codon? 3 What is the sequence of bases that makes up the Start Codon? AUG On what molecule do we find codons? mRNA

The Process: Fourth, a transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome and matches up with the mRNA. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – The molecule that carries the amino-acid to the Ribosome. It also has the Anti-Codon. tRNA Anti Codon Amino Acid

The tRNA tRNA Amino acid Anti Codon

The Process: The tRNA’s Anti Codon matches / pairs up with the mRNA’s Codon. Anti-Codon – A set of 3 bases on the tRNA that pairs with a Codon. Codon mRNA Anti- Codon

Review: What is the name for the process where the code on the mRNA is read and turned into amino acids? Translation What molecule carries the codons? mRNA What molecule carries / transfers the amino acid to the ribosome? tRNA What is the name for the sequence of bases on the tRNA that pairs with codon on the mRNA? Anti codon

Codon & Anti-Codon Practice: What is the name for the cell part that puts together amino acids to make proteins? mRNA tRNA What is the name for the molecule that carries the message from DNA? What molecule carries the amino acid to the Ribosome and has an Anti Codon?

Codon & Anti-Codon Practice: Codon mRNA Anti- Codon

The Process: Fifth, the tRNA leaves behind its amino acid and the ribosome shifts down the mRNA code to the next codon.

The Process: Finally, the ribosome will continue to match codon with anti codon, building amino acids into a chain. Thus, making a protein. Protein

Video & Practice: Having made a protein we have now completed protein synthesis. Protein Synthesis – The process of making a protein.

Review: What is the process where the code on the mRNA is read and turned into amino acids? Translation What do you make when you put amino acids together? Protein Where does this process take place in the cell? In the Cytoplasm

Review: Where does the process of Replication happen? In the Nucleus Where does the process of Transcription happen? In the Nucleus Where does the process of Translation happen? In the Cytoplasm

Codon & Anti-Codon Practice: What is the name for the cell part that puts together amino acids to make proteins? mRNA tRNA

Codon & Anti-Codon Practice: Codon mRNA Anti- Codon

Review: What is the name for the short sequence of RNA bases that codes for an amino acid? Codon How many bases are in a Codon? 3 What is the sequence of bases that makes up the Start Codon? AUG On what molecule do we find codons? mRNA

Using a Codon Chart

Using a codon chart:

Step 1: Locate the start codon and each codon after that. Mark them off. Underline the start codon and put commas around each codon. (You could also use vertical lines instead of commas.) C A U G C C C G C G A U A G A G C G C C, A U G, C C C, G C G, A U A, G A G, C G C C, A U G C C C G C G A U A G A G C G C OR

How to use the chart: RNA sequence: AUG

Codon Practice: RNA sequence: UAA

Codon Practice: RNA sequence: CCA

RNA sequence: AUG Instructions: Start in the middle and work your way out.

RNA sequence: UAC Instructions: Start in the middle and work your way out.

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