1. Transcription & Translation 12.2

2. I. PROTEIN SYNTHEIS OVERVIEW A. The purpose of DNA is to tell what ________ the organism has (the blue print) B. The purpose of genes is to tell the body which ________ to produce C. The purpose of proteins is to make the specific _________

3. I. PROTEIN SYNTHEIS OVERVIEW D. DNA  Genes  Proteins  Characteristics (Traits) E. See Protein Synthesis Overview Animation See Protein Synthesis Overview AnimationSee Protein Synthesis Overview Animation

4. II. TRANSCRIPTION A. Transcription- The process of making messenger RNA (mRNA) 1. DNA is to big to leave the _________ 2. Allows for the protein instructions to leave nucleus and go to the ____________ in the cytoplasm.

5. II. TRANSCRIPTION Transcription Animation Transcription Animation

6. I. TRANSCRIPTION B. RNA Polymerase is the name of the enzyme that reads the DNA and makes the ___________

7. II. TRANSCRIPTION C. Coding Regions on DNA 1. __________- Tells the RNA polymerase enzyme to start making mRNA a. Turns the gene on! 2. _________- DNA message is decoded and mRNA is made

8. II. TRANSCRIPTION 3. __________ Sequence- Signals for the gene to be turned off a. mRNA production stops 4. Remember DNA is the exact same in every cell in the organism, but the promoter and termination sequenses are in different spots on the DNA producing different characteristics!

9. II. TRANSCRIPTION D. The Steps of Transcription 1. RNA Polymerase reads the _________ which causes the enzyme to unwind the double helix NOTE: THIS IS NOT DNA REPLICATION!!!

10. II. TRANSCRIPTION 2. Then enzyme reads one side of the DNA in the coding region and builds the mRNA as it goes. 2. Then enzyme reads one side of the DNA in the coding region and builds the mRNA as it goes. a. It brings in ____________ nucleotides one at a time to build the single-stranded mRNA

11. II. TRANSCRIPTION 3. The termination sequence signals the _________ to stop, and the mRNA breaks off to go to the _____________

12. Ladies and gentleman… Put your hands together for the one…the only… (begin slow clap now) VANILLA PENKE!!!

13. III. TRANSLATION A. Translation- The process of using mRNA and tRNA to make ____________ B. Translation Animation Translation AnimationTranslation Animation C. The Steps of Translation 1. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and begins to read one __________ at a time

14. III. TRANSLATION a. Codon- 3 consecutive nucleotides that is _________________ to the tRNA anticodon b. ________ is the universal “start” codon c. See chart on 338

15. III. TRANSLATION 2. A tRNA that has a complimentary anticodon that brings a specific amino acid to the ____________ 3. A second tRNA that compliments the next ___________ is also brought to the ribosome

16. III. TRANSLATION 4. A bond is formed between the two ____________ of the tRNA. 5. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome, but the amino acid stays ___________ 6. The process repeats and more amino acids are added to the __________

17. III. TRANSLATION 7. Translation ends when the ribosomes reaches the _____ codon (UAA, UGA, UAG) 8. The chain of amino acid breaks off, and folds into a specific shape dictated by the ___________ of DNA

18. III. TRANSLATION 9. The shape of the protein dictates its _________ (what it will do or what characteristic it will make)