1. Protein Synthesis

2. What are genes?
Gene: coded DNA instructions that control the production of protein in the cell
We can’t do anything without proteins.
 Instructions for telling our bodies what to do!
Genes = Instructions

3. What are genes?

4. DNA PROTEIN ONLY found in the nucleus BUT……
Instructions found in nucleotide sequence of DNA
PROTEIN
Synthesized OUTSIDE the nucleus
BUT……
Need to get instructions out of nucleus
HOW?!?!?!

5. DNA vs RNA Decode DNA into RNA
RNA CAN move out of the nucleus to other parts of the cell
Decode DNA into RNA

6. DNA vs RNA 3 Differences DNA RNA Double-Stranded Single-Stranded
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Thymine
Uracil

7. RNA 3 Types of RNA involved in synthesizing proteins
1. mRNA (messenger RNA)
Carries copies of instructions from DNA
to other parts of cell
 From nucleus to cytoplasm

8. RNA 2. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
Sits in ribosome and decodes mRNA into amino acids (proteins)

9. RNA Ribosomes 3. tRNA (transfer RNA) Transfers amino acids (AA)
to ribosomes
Protein factory
Proteins =
AA+AA+AA+AA+AA……….

10. Transcription (RNA Synthesis)
Process of copying DNA nucleotide sequence into COMPLEMENTARY RNA nucleotides.
STEPS:
RNA polymerase attaches
to area of DNA molecule.
RNA poly “opens” DNA molecule.
3. RNA poly synthesizes
complementary RNA
nucleotides (mRNA).

11. Transcription (RNA Synthesis)
Base Pairing Rules
Nucleotides in DNA:
A T C G     
Nucleotides in RNA:
A U C G     

12. Video

13. Translation (Protein Synthesis)
Decoding mRNA molecules to make
proteins (AA/polypeptides)
 TRANSLATING RNA sequence into protein sequence
 Occurs on the ribosome
 Uses all 3 RNAs

14. Translation (Protein Synthesis)

15. Translation (Protein Synthesis)
STEPS:
mRNA in cytoplasm attaches to ribosome.

16. Translation (Protein Synthesis)
2. mRNA codon moves through ribosome.

17. Translation (Protein Synthesis)
3. tRNA (anticodon) brings matching AA.
CODON
ANTIcodon

18. Translation (Protein Synthesis)
Stopping and Starting
START CODON = AUG
STOP CODON = UGA, UAG, UAA