Phrases & Clauses What are they? How are they different?

The main difference:  Phrases DO NOT  Phrases DO NOT have BOTH a subject & a verb  Clauses DO HAVE  Clauses DO HAVE BOTH a subject & a verb

PHRASES: PHRASES: 4 Types No Subject & Verb

1: Prepositional Phrase PrepositionNounPrepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun from (  prep)(noun  ) the house  from the house = from (  prep) + (noun  ) the house  He ran quickly from the house. behind (  prep) +(noun  ) a rock  behind a rock = behind (  prep) + (noun  ) a rock  I saw my teacher behind a rock.

during the movie abouthis messy room about his messy room aroundthe tracknear the field around the track and near the field 1: Prepositional Phrase

2: Participial Phrase used as another part of speech.A participle is a verb used as another part of speech. they end in –ing or –ed.  Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed. runningbaked lovingloaded  For example: running water, baked apples, loving husband, loaded gun, etc…

lookinglooking closely, stayingstaying up all night studying studying the History book 2: Participial Phrase 2: Participial Phrase More examples:

3: Infinitive Phrase ToverbTo + verb = Infinitive phrase infinitiveIf you have ever studied a foreign language, you might remember that verbs are always studied w/the infinitive first: to loveto love (the infinitive form) I love you love he/she/it loves we love you love they love

3: Infinitive Phrase cont’d Infinitive phrasesInfinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb Examples: to runto run a mile to startto start over to doto do homework all night to winto win the contest to waketo wake up early

4: Noun Phrases AdjectiveNounAdjective + Noun = Noun Phrase tall building –The tall building smoky, crowdedroom –A smoky, crowded room –Screaming, half-nakedtoddlers –Screaming, half-naked toddlers –Nests of yellow and red striped snakes

NOW FOR A SMALL WARNING…

One word can make phrases a little tricky: to

The tricky “to” prepositional infinitiveThe word “ to ” is found in BOTH prepositional and infinitive phrases

CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! tofootball stadiumto the football stadium (prepositional) toteacherto the teacher ( prepositional ) torun to run a mile tofinishto finish my homework Prepositional Phrases: Infinitive Phrases:

Clauses: 3 types Have BOTH Subject & Verb

SENTENCEMAIN CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ( aka: SENTENCE OR MAIN CLAUSE ) Clause #1:

Independent Clause have a subject & verb can stand alone  Independent clauses have a subject & verb and can stand alone. Examples: doctor finishedThe doctor finished the examination. Students leaveStudents leave campus after class.

”CLIFFHANGER” DEPENDENT CLAUSE ( aka: THE ”CLIFFHANGER” ) Clause #2:

Dependent Clause subjects verbs but they cannot stand aloneDependent clauses have subjects & verbs, but they cannot stand alone

Dependent Clause Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless…Examples: I left Because I left early we find If we find my notebook subject verb … Subordinating conjunction subject verb …

Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete…Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete… create suspense cliffhangerWritten alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what’s to come…like a “ cliffhanger ”:

Dependent Clauses Example of a dependent clause: rattlesnake has made  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…

Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses often begin or end sentences: rattlesnake has made dependent clause  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… ( dependent clause ) + We purchased sentence/main clauseWe purchased a mongoose to sleep with us. ( sentence/main clause )

Dependent Clauses rattlesnake has made  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with us.

Dependent Clauses rattlesnake has made  We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed.

Dependent Clauses Examples of Dependent Clauses I spent Although I spent three hours studying, children had hidden Because the children had hidden the key, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

Dependent Clauses Examples of Dependent Clauses students sign up If students sign up early, weather Unless the weather prevents travel, everyone When everyone finished dinner, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

Dependent Clauses Examples of Dependent Clauses schedule After the schedule is published, hurricane Before a hurricane hits an area, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

WHO, WHICH, THAT RELATIVE CLAUSE ( WHO, WHICH, THAT ) Clause #3:

Relative Clauses Relative clauses are easy to recognize. WHO WHICHTHATThey begin with WHO, WHICH, or THAT.

Relative Clauses They are not questions, but part of sentences.

Relative Clauses Examples:Examples: who usually finishes first  Martin, who usually finishes first, was unable to beat my record. which used to be included in most diets  Pasta, which used to be included in most diets, has been replaced by high-protein foods.  Toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown away.

NOW FOR ANOTHER SMALL WARNING…

2 words can make clauses a little tricky: Before After

CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! beforeafter dependent clausesbefore and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses.

CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Prepositional phrases:Prepositional phrases: after the stormafter the storm before the alarm after lunchafter lunch before my napbefore my nap after workafter work before the holidaybefore the holiday

CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Dependent clauses: after the storm endedafter the storm ended before the alarm rangbefore the alarm rang after we left workafter we left work before the doctor arrivedbefore the doctor arrived after I received your callafter I received your call before the judge makes his rulingbefore the judge makes his ruling

Phrase & Clause Review

Q: What is the main difference between phrases & clauses?

Phrase & Clause Review Answer: –Phrases do not have both a subject and a verb… –Clauses have both a subject and a verb.

Phrase Review Prepositional:Prepositional: above the clouds near my house along the shore

Phrase Review Participial:Participial: leaving work early sleeping until noon celebrating the holidays filled with liquid

Phrase Review Infinitive:Infinitive: to walkto walk the dog toplayto play the piano towatchto watch our favorite TV show

Phrase Review Noun Phrases: glassa blue glass iguanasfifty wild iguanas a comfortable beda comfortable bed

Clause Review Independent/Main Clause: ( Sentence ) Broccoli is my favorite food.

Clause Review Dependent Clause Dependent Clause : broccoli is Because broccoli is my favorite food Clause Review

Relative Clause: which is my favorite food which is my favorite food

Be sure to know your phrases & clauses! End of presentation.