1. Phrases & Clauses What are they? How are they different?

2. The main difference: Phrases DO NOT have BOTH a subject & a verb Clauses DO HAVE BOTH a subject & a verb

3. PHRASES: 4 Types No Subject & Verb

4. 1: Prepositional Phrase  Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun  from the house = from (  prep) + (noun  ) the house  He ran quickly from the house.  behind a rock = behind (  prep) + (noun  ) a rock  I saw my teacher behind a rock.

5. Click to edit the outline text format  Second Outline Level Third Outline Level  Fourth Outline Level Fifth Outli ne Level Sixth Outli ne Level Seve nth Outli ne Level Eight h Outli ne Level  Ninth Outline LevelClick to edit Master text styles  Second level  Third level  Fourth level » Fifth level during the movie about his messy room around the track and near the field 1: Prepositional Phrase

6. 2: Participial Phrase  A participle is a verb used as another part of speech.  Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed.  For example: running water, baked apples, loving husband, loaded gun, etc…

7. Click to edit the outline text format  Second Outline Level Third Outline Level  Fourth Outline Level Fifth Outli ne Level Sixth Outli ne Level Seve nth Outli ne Level Eight h Outli ne Level  Ninth Outline LevelClick to edit Master text styles  Second level  Third level  Fourth level » Fifth level  looking closely,  staying up all night studying the History book 2: Participial Phrase More examples:

8. 3: Infinitive Phrase  To + verb = Infinitive phrase  If you have ever studied a foreign language, you might remember that verbs are always studied w/the infinitive first:  to love (the infinitive form) I love you love he/she/it loves we love you love they love

9. 3: Infinitive Phrase cont’d  Infinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb  Examples:  to run a mile  to start over  to do homework all night  to win the contest  to wake up early

10. 4: Noun Phrases  Adjective + Noun = Noun Phrase  The tall building  A smoky, crowded room  Screaming, half-naked toddlers  Nests of yellow and red striped snakes

11. Now for a small warning…

12. One word can make phrases a little tricky: to

13. The tricky “to”  The word “ to ” is found in BOTH prepositional and infinitive phrases

14. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!  to the football stadium (prepositional)  to the teacher ( prepositional ) to run a mile to finish my homework Prepositional Phrases: Infinitive Phrases:

15. Clauses: 3 types Have BOTH Subject & Verb

16. Independent Clause ( aka: SENTENCE or MAIN CLAUSE )  Clause #1:

17. Independent Clause  Independent clauses have a subject & verb and can stand alone.  Examples:  The doctor finished the examination.  Students leave campus after class.

18. dependent Clause ( aka: the ”Cliffhanger” )  Clause #2:

19. Dependent Clause  Dependent clauses have subjects & verbs, but they cannot stand alone

20. Dependent Clause  Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless… Examples:  Because I left early  If we find my notebook Subordinating conjunction subject verb …

21. Dependent Clauses  Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete…  Written alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what’s to come…like a “ cliffhanger ”:

22. Dependent Clauses Example of a dependent clause:  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…

23. Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses often begin or end sentences:  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… ( dependent clause ) +  We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us. ( sentence/main clause )

24. Dependent Clauses  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with us.

25. Dependent Clauses  We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed.

26. Examples of Dependent Clauses  Although I spent three hours studying,  Because the children had hidden the key, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

27. Examples of Dependent Clauses  If students sign up early,  Unless the weather prevents travel,  When everyone finished dinner, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

28. Examples of Dependent Clauses  After the schedule is published,  Before a hurricane hits an area, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

29. Relative Clause ( who, Which, That )  Clause #3:

30. Relative Clauses  Relative clauses are easy to recognize.  They begin with WHO, WHICH, or THAT.

31. Relative Clauses They are not questions, but part of sentences.

32. Relative Clauses  Examples:  Martin, who usually finishes first, was unable to beat my record.  Pasta, which used to be included in most diets, has been replaced by high-protein foods.  Toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown away.

33. Now for another small warning…

34. 2 words can make clauses a little tricky: Before After

35. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!  before and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses.

36. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!  Prepositional phrases:  after the storm  before the alarm  after lunch  before my nap  after work  before the holiday

37. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Dependent clauses:  after the storm ended  before the alarm rang  after we left work  before the doctor arrived  after I received your call  before the judge makes his ruling

38. Phrase & Clause Review

39.  Q: What is the main difference between phrases & clauses?

40. Phrase & Clause Review Answer:  Phrases do not have both a subject and a verb…  Clauses have both a subject and a verb.

41. Phrase Review  Prepositional:  above the clouds  near my house  along the shore

42. Phrase Review  Participial: leaving work early sleeping until noon celebrating the holidays filled with liquid

43. Phrase Review  Infinitive:  to walk the dog  to play the piano  to watch our favorite TV show

44. Phrase Review Noun Phrases:  a blue glass  fifty wild iguanas  a comfortable bed

45. Clause Review Independent/Main Clause: ( Sentence )  Broccoli is my favorite food.

46. Clause Review Dependent Clause :  Because broccoli is my favorite food Clause Review

47. Relative Clause: which is my favorite food

48. Be sure to know your phrases & clauses! Now it's time for you to practice !