1. What are they? How are they different?
Phrases & Clauses
What are they?
How are they different?

2. Phrases DO NOT have BOTH a subject & a verb
The main difference:
Phrases DO NOT have BOTH a subject & a verb
Clauses DO HAVE BOTH a subject & a verb

3. PHRASES: 4 Types
No Subject & Verb

4. 1: Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun
from the house = from (prep) + (noun) the house
He ran quickly from the house.
behind a rock = behind (prep) + (noun) a rock
I saw my teacher behind a rock.

5. 1: Prepositional Phrase
during the
movie
about his messy room
around the track and near the field

6. 2: Participial Phrase
A participle is a verb used as another part of speech.
Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed.
For example: running water, baked apples, loving husband, loaded gun, etc…

7. 2: Participial Phrase More examples:
looking closely,
staying up all night
studying the History book

8. to love (the infinitive form)
3: Infinitive Phrase
To + verb = Infinitive phrase
If you have ever studied a foreign language, you might remember that verbs are always studied w/the infinitive first:
to love (the infinitive form)
I love
you love
he/she/it loves
we love
you love
they love

9. 3: Infinitive Phrase cont’d
Infinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb
Examples:
to run a mile
to start over
to do homework all night
to win the contest
to wake up early

10. 4: Noun Phrases The tall building A smoky, crowded room
Adjective + Noun = Noun Phrase
The tall building
A smoky, crowded room
Screaming, half-naked toddlers
Nests of yellow and red striped snakes

11. Now for a small warning…

12. One word can make phrases a little tricky:to

13. The word “to” is found in BOTH prepositional and infinitive phrases
The tricky “to”
The word “to” is found in BOTH prepositional and infinitive phrases

14. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!
Prepositional Phrases:
to the football stadium (prepositional)
to the teacher (prepositional)
Infinitive Phrases:
to run a mile
to finish my homework

15. Have BOTH Subject & Verb
Clauses: 3 types
Have BOTH Subject & Verb

16. Independent Clause (aka: SENTENCE or MAIN CLAUSE)

17. Independent Clause
Independent clauses have a subject & verb and can stand alone.
Examples:
The doctor finished the examination.
Students leave campus after class.

18. dependent Clause (aka: the ”Cliffhanger”)

19. Dependent clauses have subjects & verbs, but they cannot stand alone

20. Dependent Clause Because I left early If we find my notebook
Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless…
Examples:
Because I left early
If we find my notebook
Subordinating conjunction subject verb…

21. Dependent Clauses
Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete…
Written alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what’s to come…like a “cliffhanger”:

22. Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…
Dependent Clauses
Example of a dependent clause:
Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…

23. Dependent Clauses
Dependent clauses often begin or end sentences:
Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… (dependent clause) +
We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us. (sentence/main clause)

24. Dependent Clauses
Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with us.

25. Dependent Clauses
We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed.

26. Examples of Dependent Clauses
Although I spent three hours studying,
Because the children had hidden the key,
(Note how each of these requires something to follow it.)

27. Examples of Dependent Clauses
If students sign up early,
Unless the weather prevents travel,
When everyone finished dinner,
(Note how each of these requires something to follow it.)

28. Examples of Dependent Clauses
After the schedule is published,
Before a hurricane hits an area,
(Note how each of these requires something to follow it.)

29. Relative Clause (who, Which, That )

30. Relative clauses are easy to recognize.
They begin with WHO, WHICH, or THAT.

31. They are not questions, but part of sentences.
Relative Clauses
They are not questions, but part of sentences.

32. Relative Clauses Examples:
Martin, who usually finishes first, was unable to beat my record.
Pasta, which used to be included in most diets, has been replaced by high-protein foods.
Toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown away.

33. Now for another small warning…

34. 2 words can make clauses a little tricky:
Before After

35. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!
before and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses.

36. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!
Prepositional phrases:
after the storm
before the alarm
after lunch
before my nap
after work
before the holiday

37. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up!
Dependent clauses:
after the storm ended
before the alarm rang
after we left work
before the doctor arrived
after I received your call
before the judge makes his ruling

38. Phrase & Clause Review

39. Q: What is the main difference between phrases & clauses?
Phrase & Clause Review
Q: What is the main difference between phrases & clauses?

40. Answer: Phrase & Clause Review
Phrases do not have both a subject and a verb…
Clauses have both a subject and a verb.

41. above the clouds near my house along the shore Phrase Review
Prepositional:
above the clouds
near my house
along the shore

42. Phrase Review leaving work early sleeping until noon
Participial:
leaving work early
sleeping until noon
celebrating the holidays
filled with liquid

43. Infinitive: Phrase Review to walk the dog to play the piano
to watch our favorite TV show

44. Phrase Review Noun Phrases: a blue glass fifty wild iguanas
a comfortable bed

45. Independent/Main Clause:
Clause Review
Independent/Main Clause:
(Sentence)
Broccoli is my favorite food.

46. Because broccoli is my favorite food
Clause Review
Clause Review
Dependent Clause:
Because broccoli is my favorite food

47. Clause Review
Relative Clause:
which is my favorite food

48. Be sure to know your phrases & clauses!
End of presentation.