Mad Lib: Tournament! Take one of the “mad libs” Fill out side 1 Use the words you filled out on side 1 to fill in side 2! Read in groups of 4, decide (by vote) whose is best (funniest/most accurate)! You cannot vote for your own

“Tell Your Story” Take your story back. Highlight the SUBJECT and the VERB of each sentence (remember to disregard HERE/THERE/WHERE, and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES).

Review: Subjects & Verbs Subjects perform the action – nouns/pronouns - are NOT in prepositional phrases - are NOT there/where/here (adverbs) - usually early in the sentence but can come after the verb Verbs ARE the action Objects receive the action.

Subject/Verb Agreement

Review: Subject/verb Agreement 1. Identify the subject (remove all prepositional phrases, there/where/here, and appositive phrases) 2. Is the subject an “It” (singular) or a “They” (plural)? 3. Choose the verb that matches (remember general rule: if the subject has an –s/-es, then the verb won’t!)

Avoiding Sentence Fragments Making Sure Your Sentences Are Complete Chapter 5, pg 78

Talking in fragments Many times, when we speak, we use fragments. By the context, we can tell what the other person means. Doug: Had any test results yet? Nelida: Nothing statistically significant. Doug: Not good. Nelida: Back to step one.

Talking in fragments However, when we write (unless we are directly quoting a conversation), we need to formalize the writing. By the context, we can tell what the other person means. Doug: Have you had any test results yet? Nelida: The results weren’t statistically significant. Doug: That is not good. Nelida: We will have to go back to step one.

Complete Sentences To be complete, a sentence must have a subject and a verb and express a completed idea. Note: It has a capital letter at the beginning and punctuation such as a period, exclamation point or question mark at the end. (= full stop)

Example: My homework is taking every waking hour. Complete sentence ! INCLUDES Subject (My homework) Verb (is taking) and Expresses a complete idea (every waking hour).

So all you have to remember is: A sentence is not complete or correct, unless It has a subject, it has a verb, and it expresses a completed idea.

Fragment A Fragment is piece of a sentence can be missing a subject, can be missing a verb, or can fail to express a completed idea.

Fragments The architect to my office. No VERB: Doesn’t express the action Brought the plans to my office. No SUBJECT: Doesn’t explain who or what No COMPLETED IDEA. Brought what? The architect brought.

Understanding Fragments (Exercise 2, pg 81) 1. returned to the river No subject: Doesn’t explain who or what 2. a bird on the oak branch No verb: Doesn’t express the action Missing subject AND the verb 3. between the island and the main land Identify if the subject, verb, both, or if the statement does not reflect a complete thought.

SO What is a Fragment? The subject is missing. is setting the trap The verb is missing the hunter in the woods Both subject and verb are missing in the woods All parts present but not a complete thought The hunter set

How do you correct a fragment? Pg Add the missing parts! 2. Join the fragment to the sentence where it belongs.

Exercise 2, pg returned to the sea (add a subject) 2. a bird on the oak branch (add a verb) 3. between the island and the mainland (add a subj. and a verb) 4. the hawk in a soaring motion (add a verb. 5. the fishing boats in the harbor (verb) 1.We returned to the sea. 2. A bird was on the oak branch. 3. We swam between the island and the mainland. 4. The hawk flew in a soaring motion. 5. The fishing boats were in the harbor.

Exercise 2, pg dropped like a stone into the water. 7. the crescent moon (verb) 8. carried the fish to the tree (subj) 9. the fisherman put (complete the though). 10. into the net (add a subj and a verb) 6. It dropped like a stone into the water. 7. The crescent moon rose. 8. The hawk carried the fish to the tree The fisherman put the fish into the net.

Correcting a Fragment 1. Add the missing part(s) OR 2. Join the fragment to the sentence.

Phrases A phrase is a group of words belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence.

Phrases There are 6 types of phrases. We are going to skip over them and focus on fragments. (We will come back to phrases, don’t worry) Turn to page 92

Exercise 13, pg Early morning a time of peace in my neighborhood. 2. The gray mist covering up all but the 1. Early morning is a time of peace in my neighborhood. 2. The gray mist is covering up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses.

Exercise 13, pg The shapes of cars in the streets and driveways 4. To sit and look out the window 3. I can barely make out the shapes of cars in the streets and driveways 4. Often if I have the time, I sit and look out the window.

Test 2, pg 95 That afternoon was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain. Soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm. To wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over. Including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. Teetering on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another. That afternoon was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain, they were soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm to wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over, including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. They teetered on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another.

How To Check for Fragments Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence. EXAMPLE: It is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.) Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.)

Watch Out for a Common Trap! Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence. Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself. FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.

But you knew that, because you remembered that… …a sentence is not complete or correct, unless It has a subject; it has a verb, and it expresses a completed idea.

A note about words A word is just a word until it performs a function in a sentence. Some words can be used as nouns, adjectives, prepositions, interjections AND verbs! Focus less on the word itself and MORE on the job it does in a sentence. Describes a noun? Its an ADJECTIVE! Performs the action? Is the SUBJECT! Is the action? It’s a VERB! Wewt!

Phrases: Pg 84 Phrases formed with VERBS that don’t function as Verbs! Infinitive phrase (to + verb) Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective) Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

Phrases: Pg 84 Infinitive phrases Multiple words that function as a noun To continue this argument would be useless. She began to move gracefully. Infinitive Phrase ________________________ __________________ Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive or Prepositional? An Infinitive is the basic form of a verb "To jump“ "To ask“ A prepositional phrase describes time, location, possession (where, when, and whose) "In“ "Around" "Over“ "Beside"

Practice, pg I stopped by his office to say goodbye. 2. The trail of evidence led directly to him. 3. We were lucky to have discovered his fraudulent activities. 4. The manager had forced him to tell the truth. 5. His leaving will be a relief to the staff. INF PP INF PP

Participial Phrase Uses a participle (the –ing form of a verb) to perform the function of an adjective in a sentence Base verb + ing Run+ ing Running Running home, he cried to his mom! Subject Verb __ ____ ________ Infinitive Phrase

Participial Phrase Running home, the worker lost her wallet. Looking very unhappy, she retraced her steps. Greatly disappointed, she could not find it. Told tearfully, the story saddened her. Subject Verb _____ ___ Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb ___ _______ ____________ Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb ___ ___________ ____________ Infinitive Phrase Subject Verb ____ ________ _______ Infinitive Phrase

Gerund phrase Using the present participle (verb+ing) as a NOUN Long distance running is a strenuous exercise. I like long-distance running. Verb _ ____________ Gerund phrase as SUBJECT Subj Verb _ ___ _____________ Gerund phrase as object.

Practice, pg Standing totally still, the child hoped the bee would fly away. 2. Playing the violin is not easy. 3. The athlete will try deep-sea diving. 4. Waiting patiently, we ordered something to drink. 5. Edited slowly and carefully, the essay was much improved P G G P P

Exercise 4 pg In the past, play was usually unsupervised. 2. Parents seldom made “play dates” for their children. 3. Playing on the street or in a vacant lot was the norm. 4. Expecting to be entertained, children today often complain about being bored Prepos. Verb phrase Gerund Participial phrase

Exercise 4 pg They depend on video games to structure their time. 6. Parents are spending money on too many movies and video games. 7. What is wrong with boredom? 8. Blessed with restless energy, children could find more creative ways to play infinitive Verb phr Prep Participial phrase

Present Participle: 3 Functions When can I use –ing? 1. Verb! 1. The student was taking an exam. 2. Participial Phrase! 1. Taking an exam, the student felt stressed. 3. Gerund Phrase! 1. Taking an exam can be stressful. Subject Verb ___________ _____ Subject Verb _____ ___ Subject Verb _____ ________

Phrases (pg 80) Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words completing the phrase. Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other words that complete the phrase. Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that complete the phrase

Common Fragment Types APPOSITIVE PHRASE: Words that explain or add extra information I tried everything I could think of to get an A. Such as bribing the professor. I tried everything I could think of to get an A, such as bribing the professor. FRAGMENT Correct

Common Fragment Types PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE I hope to complete the requirements for my major. By the end of next semester. I hope to complete the requirements for my major by the end of next semester. FRAGMENT Correct

Common Fragment Types INCOMPLETE VERBS: past or present participles without the helping verb The student sleeping in the back row. The student was sleeping in the back row. FRAGMENT Correct

Common Fragment Types Dependent Clause: Group of words that contains a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought because of the beginning word. I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired. I kept working on my essay, although I was tired. FRAGMENT Correct

One Common Problem Area It is OK for a subject to be a pronoun. Example: I can’t decide what to do. It is a difficult situation. Subject: It Verb: Is Completed idea: a difficult situation As long as there is a word that acts as subject (it) the sentence fits the “subject/verb/completed idea” formula.

How To Check for Fragments Put the words “It is clear that …” in front of the possible fragment. Does it make sense? If so, it’s a complete sentence. EXAMPLE: It is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that it is difficult. (Makes sense, so not a fragment.) Because it is difficult. Fragment or sentence? It’s clear that because it is difficult. (?? Doesn’t make sense so is a fragment.)

Watch Out for a Common Trap! Just because you write a lot of words, you don’t necessarily have a complete sentence. Although I have tried many ways to get an “A”, such as paying off the professor and offering to carry her books to class each day and assuring her that I love my writing class more than life itself. FRAGMENT! You haven’t finished the “although” idea, so you haven’t finished your thought.

But you knew that, because you remembered that… …a sentence is not complete or correct, unless It has a subject; it has a verb, and it expresses a completed idea.

Developing Paragraphs: Illustration Chapter 18, pg 352

Where can we find examples? Personal experience/knowledge Imagination Interviews and surveys Outside research pg 354, read Exercise 1. What kind of illustration is each?

Illustration Examples A method of developing an idea by providing one or more instances of that idea. Clarify the idea Make the idea more convincing Make an abstract idea more concrete

Sources for Illustration Pg 355, Exercise 2 Give Examples (Illustration) for the topic sentence: “Many advertising claims are deceptive”

What order should I put it in? time-order if the example is a story Spatial order (left to right, top to bottom) Logical order If no order seems necessary, put your strongest example last.

Why don’t these Women Choose a partner Decide which paragraph is the MOST IMPORTANT illustration (example) Once you’ve decided, analyze the TITLE. What does it MEAN? Why phrase it that way (“these” women)?

Homework Do the exercises and activities up to pg 331. For your journal assignment, CHOOSE one ASSIGNMENT from pgs Write a illustrative paragraph about one of the topics suggested. You will be graded on your illustration, and use of our vocabulary words/ grammar that we have covered so far.