1. It looks like a verb; it doesn’t act like a verb; it’s a VERBAL!!
The Verbal
It looks like a verb;
it doesn’t act like a verb;
it’s a VERBAL!!

2. Participles!
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed.
However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns.
There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.

3. Participle- the adjective
The crying baby had a wet diaper.
What word is crying modifying?
Answer:
Crying modifies the noun baby

4. Participles- modify… Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
What words do smiling and panting modify?
Answer:
Smiling modifies she (subject)
Panting modifies dog (noun- DO)

5. You try again. Name all of the parts of the sentence
Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.
Having been a gymnast, Lynn knew the importance of exercise.
Answer:
Participle: Having
Participial Phrase: Having been a gymnast
Subject- Lynn
Verb- knew
Prepositional phrase- of exercise

6. Placement of a Participle
In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as possible, and the noun must be clearly stated.
Misplaced modifier:
Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. * .
Corrected:
Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.

7. Punctuation:
When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the phrase:
Dissect this sentence finding all parts: subject, verb, participle, prepositional phrase, and dependent clause:
Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.
Answer:
Arriving (at the store), I found that it was closed.
participle prepositional phrase verb dependent clause
subject

8. Points to Remember
A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).
Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or pronouns they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly stated.
A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:
a) comes at the beginning of a sentence
b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element
c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it modifies.

9. Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example:
subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.

10. Gerund as subject:
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences.
Answer:
Traveling- Gerund
Might satisfy- verb
For new experiences- prepositional phrase
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences.

11. Now you try:
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
Answer:
Finding (gerund) a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund) in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)
Verb- would be easier
than what we're trying to do (essential dependent clause
Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than
what we're trying to do.

12. Gerund as direct object:
They do not appreciate my singing.
Answer:
Subject- They
Verb- do not appreciate
D.O.- my singing
They do not appreciate my singing.

13. Now you try- Gerund as D.O.
I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.
Answer:
Subject- I
Verb- hope
Essential dependent clause- that you appreciate
Adjective- my Gerund- offering D.O.- this opportunity (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.

14. Gerund as object of preposition:
The police arrested him for speeding.
Answer:
Subject- police
Verb- arrested
D.O.- him
Prepositional phrase- for speeding
Gerund- speeding [object of the prep. (noun)]
The police arrested him for speeding.

15. Now you try- Object of the Prepositional Phrase
You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work. (malinger!)
Answers:
Subject- You
Verb- might get
Prepositional phrase- in trouble
Prepositional phrase- for faking
Infinitive- to avoid work (to avoid work infinitive phrase as adverb)
Gerund- faking (object of preposition) D.O- an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work.

16. Points to Remember- Gerund
A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun.
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).
Gerunds and gerund phrases virtually never require punctuation

17. Infinitives
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.

18. Can you tell what function the infinitive takes?
To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required.
Answer: Subject
Everyone wanted to go.
Answer: Direct Object
He lacked the strength to resist.
Answer: adjective
We must study to learn.
Answer: adverb

19. Infinitive or Prepositional Phrase?
to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to catch, to belong
to him, to the committee, to my house, to the mountains, to us, to this address

20. Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
The Finale!!
Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
What is the bold part of the sentence?
Stay away from running water.
The dog chased the fluttering moth.
Borrowing money is usually a mistake.
I nodded to show respect.
After closing on her house, Tanya decided to sell some of the furniture.
Dancing is my favorite hobby.