CHAPTER EIGHT Focus: Nationalism; the most powerful ideal of the 1800s Essential Questions:  What is nationalism?  Why were the 1800s a time of political and artistic revolution? Enduring Understandings:  During the 19 th century, governments controlled by aristocrats came crashing down. In their place, revolutionaries set up republics and nation-states.  The ideas of nationalism and democracy swept out over Europe from France, finally reaching across the Atlantic to the Americas.

POST-CONGRESS OF VIENNA What would be the perspective of a 19 th century conservative living in Europe? Restoration of old monarchies and territorial divisions Within countries, efforts for peace and stability fail. Revolutions erupt Latin American countries fight for freedom along with countries in the Balkans region 3 forces struggling for supremacy in European society: conservatives, liberals, radicals

THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY ( 1 ST HALF OF THE 1800’S ) Conservatives, Liberals, Radicals  Conservatives Wealthy property owners/nobility Want to protect traditional monarchies of Europe  Liberals Middle-class business leaders & merchants Want to give more power to elected parliaments, but only parliaments in which the educated and landowners could vote  Radicals Favored drastic change to extend democracy to the people as a whole Believed governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution (still revolutionary ideas even 30 years later) The struggle continues today

NATIONALISM The belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

NATIONALISM In 1815 only France, England, and Spain could be called nation-states. Ethnic unrest would soon change that.  Nationalists believed that people of a certain nationality OR language, culture, history, religion, territory should unite under a single government  A nation, like a person, has the right to independence, which would allow a nation’s identity to develop  When the nation also had its own independent government, it became a nation-state  Nation-states defend a nation’s territory and way of life, represents the nation to the rest of the world, & embodies the people and its ideals

AN EMERGING MOVEMENT Where did Nationalism come from?  Modern nationalism and the nation-state grew out of the French Revolution  Revolutionary leaders stressed the equality of all French people which fostered a sense of national pride in the French  That pride, in turn, helped French citizens’ armies win stunning victories for the Revolution.  Modern nationalism and the nation-state grew out of the French Revolution  Revolutionary leaders stressed the equality of all French people which fostered a sense of national pride in the French  That pride, in turn, helped French citizens’ armies win stunning victories for the Revolution. Liberty Leading the People (1830) is a famous example of nationalist art

REVOLUTIONARY ZEAL Case Study: Greece  Greece was under control of the Ottoman Empire  They had kept alive the memory of their ancient history and culture  Spurred on by the nationalist spirit, Greeks demanded that their country take its place among the nation-states of Europe  A major Greek revolt broke out against the Ottoman Turks in 1821, which resulted in full independence  With growing popular sympathy for Greece (respect for culture), the powerful nations of Europe took the side of the Greeks  In 1827, a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottomans fleet  By 1830, Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty recognizing the full independence of Greece

OLD ORDER BREAKING DOWN Revolution  Liberals and nationalists were revolting against conservative governments  Liberal middle class (teachers, lawyers, businesspeople) led struggle for constitutional government and the formation of nation-states  In 1848 ethnic uprisings erupted throughout Europe  Politics sea-sawed; liberal gains were lost to conservatives within a year (France)  In one country after another, the revolutionaries failed to unite themselves or their nation  However, many aging empires were dismantled (Austro-Hungarian, Russian czar’s, Ottoman Empire)

GOODBYE CONGRESS OF VIENNA Balance of Power Shifts  In 1815, the five Great Powers were of equal strength  By 1871, Britain and Germany were clearly the most powerful  European balance of power had broken down

AMERICAN NATIONALISM Reflection  Nationalists often spoke of a “national character.” In the 1800s, they saw the French were “civilized”, the Germans were “scientific”, and the English were “practical”.  Take a few minutes and reflect on what you think the “national character” of America may be. Consider what you think are American values, beliefs, tendencies, etc…  How does our racial, ethnic, religious diversity impact American nationalism?  How does American nationalism differ from other countries? American national character; nationalism activity.docx American national character; nationalism activity.docx

MORE ON AMERICAN NATIONALISM Quick facts  Although the United States is both multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, there remains a sense of national identity and history; those who live in or are from the United States refer to an "American people", and patriotism is prominent in public life  American nationalists are interested in preserving English as the primary language of the United States. They honor the American flag, the Constitution, and the military, cultural, and religious roots of America.  Yet still, American nationalism has never been easily defined.  The attacks on September 11 th led to a wave of nationalist expression. This was accompanied by a rise in military enlistment that included not only lower- income Americans, but also middle-class and upper-income citizens