Solids, Liquids, & Gases I. States of Matter (p )  Kinetic Molecular Theory  Four States of Matter  Thermal Expansion MATTER

Matter is….  Anything that has mass and volume  Everything on the periodic table  All solids, liquids, and gases

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory  KMT  Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all matter.  The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

B. Four States of Matter  Solids  low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around  definite shape & volume  crystalline - repeating geometric pattern  Ex. Snowflake, salt, ice  amorphous - no pattern  Also called NONCRYSTALLINE solids  ex. glass, wax, plastics

B. Four States of Matter  Liquids  higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together  indefinite shape  definite volume

 Will flow and this can be described by VISCOSITY  Viscosity is the resistance to flow  Thicker liquids are more viscous than thinner liquids

B. Four States of Matter  Gases  high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container  indefinite shape & volume  Exert PRESSURE on the sides of their container as the particles hit the sides

B. Four States of Matter  Plasma  very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)  gas-like,  indefinite shape & volume  Most abundant type of matter in the universe stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes

Bose Einstein Condensates  extremely low temperature fluids  have properties that are not completely understood such as their ability to spontaneously flow out of their containers  Only exist at temperatures close to absolute zero ( 0 K or ◦C )

C. Thermal Expansion  Most matter expands when heated & contracts when cooled.   Temp causes  KE. Particles collide with more force & spread out.  EX: thermostats (bimetallic strip)

II. Changes in State (p )  Phase Changes  Heating Curves MATTER

A. Phase Changes  All phase changes are physical changes  Melting  solid to liquid  Freezing  liquid to solid melting point = freezing point

A. Phase Changes  Vaporization (boiling)  liquid to gas at the boiling point  Evaporation  liquid to gas below the boiling point  Condensation  gas to liquid

A. Phase Changes  Sublimation  solid to gas  EX: dry ice, freeze drying, iodine

A. Phase Changes

B. Heating Curves  Kinetic Energy  motion of particles  related to temperature  Potential Energy  space between particles  related to phase changes

B. Heating Curves Solid - KE  Melting - PE  Liquid - KE  Boiling - PE  Gas - KE 

B. Heating Curves  Heat of Fusion  energy required to change from solid to liquid  some attractive forces are broken

B. Heating Curves  Heat of Vaporization  energy required to change from liquid to gas  all attractive forces are broken  EX: steam burns, sweating, and… the drinking bird HEATING CURVE

Properties of Matter  Matter can be identified by its PROPERTIES (characteristics).  Some properties are shared by lots of matter; some are unique and can be used to identify different types of matter. These special or unique properties are called CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES are properties you can observe without changing the identity of the substance.  Examples: color, shape, size, mass, weight, state, boiling and freezing points, magnetism, tensile strength (stretch), viscosity, malleability (pounded into sheets), density

 Physical Properties can be SPECIFIC or GENERAL  Specific: can be used to IDENTIFY an object, UNIQUE or “special”  General: not enough DETAIL to identify an object

PHYSICAL CHANGE  A PHYSICAL CHANGE is a change that does not affect an object’s identity  Examples: breaking into pieces, changing shape, freezing, melting, boiling  USUALLY can be reversed

 When substances change STATES, their identity does not change.  As of 1995, 5 states of matter had been identified

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES are properties that indicate whether an object can undergo a chemical change.  Examples: flammable, corrosive, explosive, light sensitive, heat sensitive ** Chemical properties cannot be tested without changing the substance chemically!!!**

CHEMICAL CHANGES  CHEMICAL CHANGES, also called reactions, involve the changing of one substance into another.  Examples: rusting, burning, digesting, cooking, photosynthesis  Chemical changes usually cannot be REVERSED.

 However, when a chemical reaction takes place the MASS NEVER changes! The mass of the products always EQUALS the mass of the reactants.  This is a scientific law called the: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS or MATTER