1. States of Matter Matter - anything that has mass and volume

2. States of Matter aka PHASES There are 5 states of matter There are 5 states of matter –Liquid –Solid –Gas –Plasma –Bose-Einstein Condensates The three most familiar are The three most familiar are –Liquds –Solids –Gasses The state of a sample of matter depends on its TEMPERATURE The state of a sample of matter depends on its TEMPERATURE

3. Solids Has DEFINATE shape and volume Has DEFINATE shape and volume –Shape and volume do NOT change when put in different containers Particles are very close to each other Particles are very close to each other Two types of solids Two types of solids –Crystalline –Noncrystalline

4. Crystalline Solids Crystals: arrangements of particles in repeating geometric patterns Crystals: arrangements of particles in repeating geometric patterns Particles vibrate in fixed positions Particles vibrate in fixed positions Very rigid and have specific melting points Very rigid and have specific melting points EX: snowflake is a crystal of water, ice, salt EX: snowflake is a crystal of water, ice, salt

5. Noncrystalline (Amorphous) Solids Particles are NOT arranged in crystal patterns. Particles are NOT arranged in crystal patterns. –Noncrystalline or amorphous Solids NOT as rigid as crystalline solids. It is easier to change shape. Solids NOT as rigid as crystalline solids. It is easier to change shape. As you heat them gradually melt As you heat them gradually melt EX: glass, plastics, some kinds of waxes EX: glass, plastics, some kinds of waxes

6. Liquids Have definite volume but not shape (take shape of their containers) Have definite volume but not shape (take shape of their containers) Flows and takes the shape of its container Flows and takes the shape of its container Particles are farther apart than solids and move faster Particles are farther apart than solids and move faster Particles close together but have enough KINETIC ENERGY to move over and around each other Particles close together but have enough KINETIC ENERGY to move over and around each other –Allows liquids to flow and take shape of its container

7. Liquids Changes shape, but is always 45mL Graduated Cylinder Beaker Flask

8. Liquids Liquids will flow and can be described by viscosity Liquids will flow and can be described by viscosity Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Thicker liquids are more viscous than thinner liquids Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Thicker liquids are more viscous than thinner liquids

9. Gases NO definite shape OR volume NO definite shape OR volume Take shape and volume of their containers Take shape and volume of their containers Particles are far apart and move fast Particles are far apart and move fast Particles are always bumping into each other and bouncing away Particles are always bumping into each other and bouncing away As they hit the sides of their container, they exert pressure As they hit the sides of their container, they exert pressure As you heat a gas, the particles move faster and have more collisions and the pressure increases As you heat a gas, the particles move faster and have more collisions and the pressure increases

10. Solids, Liquids, Gases

11. Plasma Very high energy, electrically charged gas Very high energy, electrically charged gas –Positively and negatively charged It makes up most of the matter in the universe It makes up most of the matter in the universe –Sun and other stars are made of plasma As matter is heated to very high temps. The particle begin to collide violently & as a result the particles break up into smaller pieces As matter is heated to very high temps. The particle begin to collide violently & as a result the particles break up into smaller pieces –These pieces are electrically charged

12. Plasma EX: light from sun EX: light from sun lightning lightning fluorescent light fluorescent light - electricity causes particles of mercury gas inside tube to form plasma

13. Bose-Einstein Condensates Extremely low temperature fluids Extremely low temperature fluids Have properties that are not completely understood, such as spontaneously flowing out of their containers Have properties that are not completely understood, such as spontaneously flowing out of their containers Exist only at temperatures close to absolute zero Exist only at temperatures close to absolute zero 0 K or -273°C

14. State Changes During a state change, the temperature stops changing. During a state change, the temperature stops changing. When the state change is complete, the temperature will change again When the state change is complete, the temperature will change again

15. Gas Laws Boyles Law Boyles Law –When you increase the pressure on a gas, the volume decreases –this is an inverse relationship. As one factor increases, the other one decreases –Formula:  P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

16. Boyles Law Example The pressure on a balloon is 50 Pascals and its volume is 200cm 3. If the pressure is increased to 75 Pascals, what is the new volume of the balloon? The pressure on a balloon is 50 Pascals and its volume is 200cm 3. If the pressure is increased to 75 Pascals, what is the new volume of the balloon? P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 (50Pa)(200 cm 3 ) = (75Pa) V 2 133cm 3 = V 2

17. Evaporation Occurs when a few particles at the surface of a liquid escape and turn into a gas. When they escape, they take heat with them Occurs when a few particles at the surface of a liquid escape and turn into a gas. When they escape, they take heat with them –Example  Sweat

18. Boiling Occurs when the entire liquid starts changing into a gas, not just at the surface. Occurs when the entire liquid starts changing into a gas, not just at the surface. You will see bubbles You will see bubbles

19. Sublimation Occurs when a solid turns into a gas without going through the liquid phase first Occurs when a solid turns into a gas without going through the liquid phase first Examples Examples –Dry ice –Moth balls –Solid room deodorizers

20. State Change Graph

23. Charles Law As the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also increases As the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also increases This is a direct relationship. As one factor increases, the other one also increases. This is a direct relationship. As one factor increases, the other one also increases. As you heat a gas, it expands As you heat a gas, it expands Formula: V 1 = V 2 Formula: V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2

24. Charles Law Practice When the temperature of a gas is 120°C, its volume is 40cm 3. What is its volume if the temperature is increased to 150°C? When the temperature of a gas is 120°C, its volume is 40cm 3. What is its volume if the temperature is increased to 150°C?Solution: