WAR AND REVOLUTION CHAPTER 23

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Before World War I, Europe believed that if they were organized enough along national lines that everything would be good. They were wrong….. Because of imperialism, military, industrialization, Europe did not cooperate but competed against each other for power.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Rivalries over trade routes and colonies, led to a division of powers in Europe. The dissention created two alliances Triple Alliance later became Central Powers  Germany  Austria- Hungary  Italy

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Triple Entente  Great Britain  France  Russia These two alliances will be tested 1. Trouble in the Balkans 2. Results of nationalism

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I

Internal Dissent Socialism was a battle within states Socialist were having work strikes and making it difficult to conduct business Many leaders believed that Europe was on the verge of a revolution

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Militarism- aggressive preparation for war The growth of massive armies after the tension over imperialism and nationalism. Conscription, military draft, helped in doubling sizes of military.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Serbian Problems Russia and Austria wanted to control the Balkan area, which created serious tension between the two Serbia, supported by Russia, wanted to create its own independent state. Austria did not want this to happen.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 It was this event that occurred in the Balkans what lead to the major event. The assassination in Sarajevo lead to the beginning of World War I.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria and his wife visited Sarajevo, Bosnia. Serbian terrorist awaited their visit. Members of the “Black Hand” wanted Bosnia to be a part of the Serbian Independent state.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Serbian Terrorist Princip, 19 year old Serb shot and killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife. Austria- Hungary heard of assassination and wanted to invade Serbia immediately but were afraid of Russian invasion of Austria- Hungary.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Austria- Hungary seeking help went to Germany for backing and go for it. On July 28, 1914, Austria- Hungary declared war against on Serbia. On July 29, 1914, Russia mobilized its troops to help Serbia.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Germany backing Austria- Hungary, warned Russia to stay away from Austria- Hungary. Russia ignored the threat. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia BUT…

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 Based on Germans military plan, which was drawn up by General Alfred von Schlieffen, Germany had to declare war on based on a two-front war. SO, August 3, 1914 Germany then declared war on France.

THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR I Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914 With France being invaded by Germany, Great Britain on August 4, 1914, declared war on Germany. By August 4 th, all the great powers of Europe were headed to war against each other.

THE WAR Government Propaganda, ideas spread to influence public for or against a cause. This had stirred up enough hatred among the involved. Now that the war started, every nation involved believed they had just cause for being there. Many Europeans believed that the war would be over in a matter of weeks or few months

THE WAR Western Front – Great Britain & France fighting Germany & Austria- Hungary Germany tried to use a tactic to circle Paris and surround French troops. Battle of the Marne (1 st battle) There was a stalemate. French used trench warfare. Series of trenches were dug surrounded by barbed wire. Virtually keeping them at bay for 4 years.

Trench Warfare

THE WAR Eastern Front- was opposite the Western Front, it was much more mobile. Russians moved into Germany and were easily defeated at the Battle of Tannenburg and at the Battle of Masurian Lakes. Russia, at this point, did not pose a threat to Germany. Austria- Hungary did not fare so well against Russia.

THE WAR Austria- Hungary was defeat by Russia at Galicia and to make things interesting, Italy, betrayed Triple Alliance by attacking Austria- Hungary. Germany and Austria regained strength and attacked Russia. Russia was defeated and Germany & Austria now felt like they had control of the Eastern Front. They both could focus on the Western Front

THE WAR The Western Front baffled the commanders because they were not ready for trench warfare. They had been trained for movement strategies. The war had turned into a war of attrition, war based on wearing down the opponent by constant attacks and heavy losses.

THE WAR War in the Air By 1915, airplanes were used but primarily for spotting enemy position. Later they were used to carry bombs. Not very accurate and very susceptible to enemy attack, they made the skies more dangerous and less effective

THE WAR Entry of the United States May 7, 1915, Lusitania, large passenger ship, was sunk by German submarines. The sinking would spark an interest of the Americans for economic reasons. Germany underestimated the power of the United States and disregarded the threat of involvement. They sunk more ships.

THE WAR Entry of the United States The involvement by the U.S. was a big boost to the Allied Powers and brought in new source of money and war goods. World War I, became a total war, which means a complete mobilization of resources and people.

END OF THE WAR The Central Powers had defeated much of the Eastern Front and with Russia pulling out of the war, it was taken over by the Central Powers. The Germans had one last effort to win the Western Front.

END OF THE WAR At a second Battle at Marne, Germany was defeated easily just because the Americans, along with French troops were ready. More than one million American troops poured into Marne. Germany sent word back, that we needed a peace treaty and to surrender at all cost.

END OF THE WAR The Peace Settlement The winning sides met in Paris to sign the peace treaty that would officially end the war. In the beginning of the war, it was fought over territorial gains but in the end it was idealistic reasons. President Woodrow Wilson expressed this to Congress…

END OF THE WAR President Wilson used his “Fourteen Point” approach to the peace of the world.  Lasting peace in the world  Open diplomacy vs. Secret Deals  Democratic society vs. Absolutism & Militarism  International Cooperation

END OF THE WAR Treaty of Versailles (Signed June 1919)  Five part treaty with the defeated countries  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey  Germany took a massive hit.  Germany & Austria were responsible for the war  Ordered to pay back reparations for all damages  Reduce army to 100,000 men  Cut back Navy  Eliminate Air Force  Some land was stripped