Weather & Climate Lab 1B - 1E

Lab 1B: Earth Measures

L atitude L ongitude

Lab 1B: Earth Measures Earth’s circumference = 360° Quarter of a sphere = 90° 0° Latitude = Equator Expressed in degrees North or South 0° Latitude = Equator Expressed in degrees North or South 0° Longitude = Prime Meridian Expressed in degrees East or West 0° Longitude = Prime Meridian Expressed in degrees East or West

Lab 1B: Earth Measures Important lines of Latitude: 23 ½° N = Tropic of Cancer 23 ½° S = Tropic of Capricorn 66 ½° N = Arctic Circle 66 ½° S = Antarctic Circle Why ½ degrees?

Lab 1B: Earth Measures Latitude & Longitude are broken down: 1° = 60’ (One Degree = 60 Minutes) 1’ = 60” (One Minute = 60 Seconds) Note: This is NOT how Time is broken down. Time zones are not directly related to the seconds and minutes in Latitude and Longitude

Lab 1C: Location Globes often mark parallels & meridians in 10° or 15° increments Latitude = PARALLELS Range from 0° to 90°N and 90°S Latitude = PARALLELS Range from 0° to 90°N and 90°S Longitude = MERIDIANS Converge at the poles Farthest apart at equator Range from 0° to 180° Longitude = MERIDIANS Converge at the poles Farthest apart at equator Range from 0° to 180°

Lab 1C: Location Key Words: Parallels – relate to latitude Meridians – relate to longitude Prime Meridian – GMT longitude IDL (International Date Line) – 180 degrees longitude

Lab 1C: Location Written as Degrees Minutes Seconds ex: 43°52’44”N, 103°27’35”W Always written as Latitude, Longitude

Lab 1D: Time Earth rotates from West to East Hence, the sun rises in the east, and sets in the west If time is newer in the west, and older in the east, then it must be later in the day in the eastern portion of the globe

Lab 1D: Time 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 Note: physical features alter the rigidity of time zones

Lab 1D: Time One day is 24 hours, this is the same amount of time it takes for the earth to complete one rotation If the earth consists of 360°, and it takes 24 hours to rotate, how many degrees does one hour occupy? 15° 360°/24 hours = 15°

Lab 1D: Time

There are 24 standard time zones – Marked by degrees of longitude – Based on central meridians spaced 15° of longitude apart Moving east to west: – Time becomes earlier Moving west to east: – Time becomes later

Lab 1D: Time Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) – Established in 1884 as world reference for standard time – Also known as Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) – Sometimes referred to as Zulu, which is represented as a 24:00 clock

Lab 1D: Time A difference in time can be calculated mathematically 2 Steps: 1.Find the difference in degrees, between the two time zones 2.Divide that number by the degrees the earth rotates an hour (15 degrees)

Rome: 15°E Tokyo: 135°E Difference = 120° Lab 1C: Time 120°/15° = 8 Hours Tokyo is 8 hours later than Rome, because it is east of rome

Tokyo: 135°E Rome: 15°E Rome 15°E 30°E 45°E 60°E 75°E 90°E 105°E 120°E Tokyo 135°E REMEMBER: 15° of longitude = 1 hour East = time gets later (+) REMEMBER: 15° of longitude = 1 hour East = time gets later (+)

Lab 1D: Time International Date Line – Generally follows the 180° meridian – Traveling from east to west = next day – Traveling from west to east = previous day

Lab 1D: Time Daylight-saving time: – Summer = longer days (DST) – Winter = shorter days (ST) In U.S., not Hawaii or most of AZ Countries near the equator do not observe day-light savings. “Spring Ahead, Fall Back”

Lab 1D: Time Sunrise & Sunset Time Correction: – East of our location = earlier – West of our location = later 1 ° Longitude = 4 Minutes 60 Minutes (in an hour) / 15 ° (degrees rotated in an hour) = 4 Minutes

Lab 1E: Isolines Isolines: lines on a map that connect points of equal value Often used to show varying levels or concentrations: Rainfall Temperature (Isotherms) Elevation Pressure (Isobars)

Lab 1E: Isolines Isolines never cross Topographic Maps consist of contour lines showing elevation

Lab 1E: Isolines Drawn at regular intervals Always closed lines Never cross each other Gradient represented by distance between lines: Close together = rapid horizontal change Far apart = gradual horizontal change Values inside a closed isoline are either higher or lower than those outside the closed isoline.

Lab 1E: Isolines 10° 15° Must label your isolines!

Next Week: Prepare for Pre Lab Quiz, Lab #2 given at the beginning of class Hand in ALL of Pre-Lab #1, Sections 1A-1E