Imperialism for CN Part 4 The final part!!!

Imperialism African Response: – Background: Most intense competition for colonies here. 1875: European nations controlled 10% Africa 1900: European nations controlled 90% Africa. – How? » New Medical knowledge » Maxim Gun: early machine gun

Imperialism Europeans competed for land over the entire continent: – French, Italians and British: North Africa – French and Germans: West Africa – Belgians and Germans: Central Africa – Portugese, British, Germans: South Africa – Italians, British, Germans: East Africa » Big Problems Berlin Conference, 1885: Called to settle land disputes among European nations in Africa. – Divided Africa among the competing European nations – No African groups were invited to attend

Imperialism These nations sent out explorers to find out exactly what was in the land they controlled: resources, peoples, etc. – Mungo Park, Scottish: Explored Niger River. – Rene Caillie, French: First to cross Sahara, searched for Timbuktu. – Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke, British: source of Nile River. – David Livingstone: British doctor, missionary. Explored interior of Africa, treated ill and opened hospitals. Victoria Falls.

Imperialism – South Africa: Bitter power struggle developed among local African groups, Dutch settlers and British Zulu: African tribe that migrated into South Africa by early 1800 ’ s. Great leader: Shaka Boers: Dutch settlers in South Africa. Settled Capetown in Used locals as slaves. British: won control of Cape Town from Boers in early 1800 ’ s. – Great Trek: Boers retreat north to get away from British ’ s: Boers set up two independent republics on Zulu land: Orange Free State and the Transvaal. – The two fought for years. – British helped Boers to defeat the Zulu.

Imperialism The Mfecane: – Mfecane "the Crushing “. Events following the rise to power of Shaka who created a militaristic kingdom. He conquered some tribes and forced other tribes to leave the area, opening the way for European settlement. Very bloody.

Imperialism – Discovery of Diamonds and Gold in South Africa Boer War, 1900: between British and Boers for control of Boer territory and gold/diamonds. – British won. 1908: British create Union of South Africa out of various colonies. – Granted self government – Only whites could vote. Majority of white population: Boers. They controlled government. » Institute Apartheid: separation of races.

Imperialism – Cecil Rhodes: British miner looking for gold and diamonds in South Africa By 1889 he controlled 90% of the world ’ s diamond output.

OUTCOMES OF IMPERIALISM

Imperialism Outcomes of Imperialism – Benefits Reduced local warfare Improved sanitation, transportation & communication Provided better medical care – Consequences Lost control Lost customs & traditions Famines due to cash crops Unnatural division of continent

Imperialism Summarization: – European nations desired land in Africa For its resources – The Berlin Conference split up Africa amongst those European nations. – Colonialism and mistreatment of the Africans followed. – Groups like the Zulu fought against further European expansion.