Senate (politicians) Patrician (Rich) Equestrian (Army Cavalry) Plebeian (Poor) Free men (freed slaves) Slaves (captured in battle)

More than 300 years after the founding of Rome, it grew into a Republic. In the early republic, different groups of Romans struggled for power. There were two main groups: Patricians Plebeians (Plebs ) Learning Questions: 1) Are there any differences about the way the Patricians and Plebs are dressed? Why? 2) Why do you think the Patricians had the most power? Was this fair? Aristocratic Landowners were a small group of people who inherited their wealth and had most of the power Plebs were the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population

ASSEMBLIES (All citizen-soldiers were members, led by the Plebs. Common laws were passed) SENATE (300 Members, mainly Patricians) CONSUL (1 person, 1 year rule) CONSUL (1 person, 1 year rule) In the first century B.C., Roman writers boasted that Rome had achieved a balanced government. Monarchy – The 2 consuls were similar to Kings Aristocracy – rule by the wealthy Democracy – rule by the people For 1 vivo…what type of government(s) do we have?

2 Consuls Head of Government Senate MembersAssemble Patricians Plebeians 1 year termLife term Consuls chose the senatorsElected the 2 Consuls Over saw the government officials Advised the consuls and assembly Elected government officials Commanded the armyOver saw spending and taxes Acted as judgesApproved or disapproved laws made by assembly Voted on laws

The Twelve Tables In 450 BC the Romans decided to agree and publish a set of laws that everyone in Rome should follow. They had these laws put onto 12 bronze tables that were put in the Roman Forum for everyone to see. The Twelve tables were used to decide all the future laws in the Roman Republic and even laws we have today! Learning Question: Why was it important when the republic was growing for the Romans to come up with laws?

Rules to becoming a Roman Citizen: Birth : every child born from a legal marriage of a Roman citizen had citizenship Manumission : the act by which a slave was freed; children of former slaves were Roman citizens Military service : upon enrollment in the army, or upon honorable discharge. Imperial grants : the emperors could grant citizenship to individuals or to entire communities Task: In pairs come up with 3 rules that make you a ‘Citizen’ of Dublin…2 minutes and share with the class

As a Roman Citizen you were expected to… complete Military Service AND Pay Taxes

Roman Emperors

What happened after the murder of Julius Caesar? After Julius Caesar died in 44 BC, his friend Mark Anthony seemed poised to become the next Roman ruler. Julius Caesar’s adopted son and heir, Octavian, was seen as too young (18). Mark Anthony had many enemies in the Senate – they convinced Octavian to fight him. He defeated Mark Anthony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, which made him the ruler of Rome at only 18 years old. He wanted to rule for longer without threat from others in the Senate After the Senate meeting in 27BC he became Absolute Ruler (or Emperor). This meant he was now in charge of the Army. Rome now changed from a Republic to a Principate (Empire).

Army 1) Increased pay 2) Increased length of service Civil Service and Tax 1) Everyone paid taxes all over the Empire (not just in Rome) 2) Everyone had to follow the same laws Building Program 1) Built lots of temples 2) Encouraged all Romans to follow the Roman Religion How did Augustine do things differently ?

Entertainment 1) Built lots of Theatres and sports arenas 2) Free entertainment for everyone 3) Paid for many pieces of art to be made Roads 1) A massive road network was built which gave people jobs 2) More goods were exported and imported Public Services and Utilities 1) He created the first police force 2) He built water drainage and Sewers 3) He created the first fire brigade

Learning Questions Answer the following questions in FULL sentences: 1)How did Augustus become Emperor of Rome? 2) What do you think were the two most important changes he made? Why? 3) What do you think a role model Roman Citizen would have been like? 4) What do you think a ‘Golden Age’ is?

Roman Emperors