Life before and the how and why of the changes

 Rural subsistence farmers  public lands = “commons”  Small upper class, large lower class, small middle class  life expectancy = 40

Ahhhhh…. Bucolic village life!

 England circa 1750  Begins with Agricultural Rev.  Enclosure Movement – common lands taken over for large estates  = pop. increase  No work, villagers go to cities  = cheap labor

EnclosedEnclosed! EnclosedEnclosed! EnclosedEnclosed!

 Population = 5 million, million, 1900  British movement toward laissez-faire.  Joint stock companies Remember me??? Mmm! Fish & Chips!

 Scientific Revolution = TECH stuff (most based on water or steam power )  England = natural resources:  Rivers to run water mills  Coal and iron

 Mass Production – making lots of identical stuff  Interchangeable Parts – exact copies, not individually crafted  Division of labor - repetitive tasks in factories  Mechanization – machines do what was done by hand (bulky machines, move to factories)

Raw Materials exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. U.S.A. Egypt India Russia New Global Economic Relationships

Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

 FAST growth of cities=overcrowding  Low wages; child labor; no gov’t oversight (WHY NOT???)  Squalid conditions  No labor unions  Business cycles – wild swings of growth, economic depression, and recovery

Growth of Manchester, England, between

 Europe more dominant globally  Middle class had HUGE standard of living increases  Production of goods goes up, so people have access to great stuff  Travel, communication, production all revolutionized