History of the Modern World Great War’s End: Forging the Peace Mrs. McArthur Walsingham Academy Room 111 Mrs. McArthur Walsingham Academy Room 111

The Costs of War Influenza had spread among the troops at the end of the war and went home with them to their families and neighbors. The loss of lives from the flu and the war and the costs of rebuilding war- ravaged cities made some countries and colonies vulnerable to revolt. 1 of 9 World War I and the Russian Revolution Witness History Audio: Worth Cost? Vera Brittain Pie Charts: Central Powers’ CasualtiesPie Charts: Allied CasualtiesGraph: The Costs of WarNote Taking Transparency 172A Section 4: Making the Peace, pp What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations? Why?

The Paris Peace Conference The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. President Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” The British Prime Minister wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale, while France’s leader wanted to see Germany punished. 2 of 9 Section 4: Making the Peace Note Taking Transparency 172B The Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which narrowed German borders and as well as saddling the country with the costs of war reparations. For a country whose economy was already reeling, the debt would prove too costly. Geography Interactive: Europe, 1914 and 1920

The Outcome of the Peace Settlements Other treaties also went into effect. In Eastern Europe, the Allies created new nations, such as Poland and Yugoslavia. Previously German-ruled colonies in Africa and Asia were administered by other Western powers. The League of Nations was also established, although without U.S. participation. 3 of 9 Section 4: Making the Peace, pp Progress Monitoring Transparency Summary: Peace Settlements, 1919 Only victors invited to participate: Heads of state attend: Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando Wilson pushes his “14 points” as basis for settlement Tensions among leaders: British and French demand reparations from Germany with Wilson opposed. Leaders are answerable to votes, who call for “punishing” Germany who must bear blame for war.

Summary: Major Points of Peace of Paris Settlements Map of Central and Eastern Europe is redrawn: new or revived states appear, initially as democracies League of Nations created with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland Empires of defeated powers are broken up: Mandates for territories outside of Europe (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, etc.) Treaties with defeated countries: Most important – Versailles Treaty with Germany which contained “War Guilt Clause” (Article #231), as basis for payment of reparations. Summary: Russian Revolution and Civil War March, 1917 – Abdication of tsar; Provisional Government formed Nov., 1917 – Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd, arrest Provisional Government Dec., 1917 – Lenin creates new secret police force, the CHEKA, to suppress counter- revolutionary activities (Red Terror) March, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed; Russia withdraws from war – Vicious civil war pits Bolsheviks (“Reds”) against opponents “(Whites”) 1919 – Lenin creates Communist International, hoping to spread world revolution 1921 – Bolsheviks win civil war; country in desperate economic straits (NEP)

Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties 4 of 9

Pie Charts: Allied Casualties 5 of 9

Graph: Financial Costs of the War 6 of 9

Note Taking Transparency 172A 7 of 9

Note Taking Transparency 172B 8 of 9

Progress Monitoring Transparency 9 of 9

Assignment 1 1.Read text, pp identifying 2 new terms and answering 2 checkpoint questions. 2.Read Russian Revolution lecture notes and reread PP notes. 3.Check your knowledge Notes: 1.Chapter 26 Test: Monday, 1/31 2.Remembrance, Open-Book Quiz: Friday, 1/28 3.Remembrance Optional Extra-Credit Sign Up

Assignments Read film review: Life and Nothing But (photocopy) 2.Remembrance: Open Book Test, Fri. 1/28 3.Test Preparation: Be sure to use text, pp Consider doing the Optional Remembrance Activity Extra-Credit: You may choose Remembrance Activity 1 or 2. Be sure to observe sign up and deadlines. 1.Life and Nothing But: film showing Saturday, 1/29, 8: AM. 2. Open House, Sunday 1/30 (Guide or Contributor)

Assignment 5 Test: Text Chapter 26 Factual options-multiple choice, matching, map Critical Thinking-short essay(s) modeled on participation grades Chapter self-check Notes: 1.Chapter 26 Test: Monday, 1/31 2.Remembrance Optional Extra-Credit Activities (per sign up)