1. History of the Modern World Great War’s End: Forging the Peace 1918-1922 Mrs. McArthur Walsingham Academy Room 111 Mrs. McArthur Walsingham Academy Room 111

2. Color Transparency 160: The Fourteen Points 6 of 8

3. The Costs of War Influenza had spread among the troops at the end of the war and went home with them to their families and neighbors. The loss of lives from the flu and the war and the costs of rebuilding war- ravaged cities made some countries and colonies vulnerable to revolt. 1 of 9 World War I and the Russian Revolution Witness History Audio: Worth Cost? Vera Brittain Pie Charts: Central Powers’ CasualtiesPie Charts: Allied CasualtiesGraph: The Costs of WarNote Taking Transparency 172A Section 4: Making the Peace, pp. 834-838 What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations? Why?

4. The Paris Peace Conference The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. President Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” The British Prime Minister wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale, while France’s leader wanted to see Germany punished. 2 of 9 Section 4: Making the Peace Note Taking Transparency 172B The Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which narrowed German borders and as well as saddling the country with the costs of war reparations. For a country whose economy was already reeling, the debt would prove too costly. Geography Interactive: Europe, 1914 and 1920

5. The Outcome of the Peace Settlements Other treaties also went into effect. In Eastern Europe, the Allies created new nations, such as Poland and Yugoslavia. Previously German-ruled colonies in Africa and Asia were administered by other Western powers. The League of Nations was also established, although without U.S. participation. 3 of 9 Section 4: Making the Peace, pp. 834-838 Progress Monitoring Transparency Summary: Peace Settlements, 1919 Only victors invited to participate: Heads of state attend: Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando Wilson pushes his “14 points” as basis for settlement Tensions among leaders: British and French demand reparations from Germany with Wilson opposed. Leaders are answerable to votes, who call for “punishing” Germany who must bear blame for war.

6. Summary: Major Points of Peace of Paris Settlements Map of Central and Eastern Europe is redrawn: new or revived states appear, initially as democracies League of Nations created with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland Empires of defeated powers are broken up: Mandates for territories outside of Europe (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, etc.) Treaties with defeated countries: Most important – Versailles Treaty with Germany which contained “War Guilt Clause” (Article #231), as basis for payment of reparations.

7. Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties 4 of 9

8. Pie Charts: Allied Casualties 5 of 9

9. Graph: Financial Costs of the War 6 of 9

10. Note Taking Transparency 172A 7 of 9

11. Progress Monitoring Transparency 9 of 9

12. Summary Use your text and lecture and PP notes 1.Four empires disappeared. What happened to each? What new states (r)emerged? 2.Assess the costs of the war in terms of casualties, material damage, financial damage. What pressures did this put on democratic states? 3.What happened to the losers’ colonial possessions? List mandates. 4.What problems were created by the war and its settlement, which will plague Europe in the future? 5.Assess the fate of Wilson’s 14 Points.

13. Assignment 1 1.Read text, pp. 843-845 identifying 2 new terms and answering 2 checkpoint questions. 2.Read Russian Revolution lecture notes and view PP notes, Russia: 1919-1922. 3.Check your knowledge Notes: Chapter 26 Test: Tuesday, 2/25

14. Assignment 2 1.View PP, WWI Territorial Changes. Plot on your personal map. 2.Review PP Notes, esp. study aides and check your knowledge. Note: Chapter 26 Test: Tuesday, 2/25

15. Assignment 3-5 Test: Text Chapter 26 Factual portions-multiple choice, matching, map 1 Essay Chapter self-check Test Preparation: Be sure to use text, pp. 848-849 Notes: Chapter 26 Test: Tuesday, 2/25