1. A Flawed Peace
Chapter 29, Section 4

3. Introduction
World War I was over. The killing had stopped. The terms of peace, however, still had to be worked out. On January 18, 1919, a conference to establish those terms began at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris. Attending the talks, known as the Paris Peace Conference, were delegates representing 32 countries. For one year, this conference would be the scene of vigorous, often bitter debate. The Allied powers struggled to solve their conflicting aims in various peace treaties.

4. The Allies Meet and Debate

5. Key Leaders Come Together
This group of leaders was known as the Big Four dominated the peace talks in Paris at Versailles.

6. United States: President Woodrow Wilson
He wanted to rebuild the world after the devastation of the World War with his Fourteen Points peace plan.
- He pushed hard to create the League of Nations.
- He tried to convince other members of the Big Four that harsh punishments on Germany would lead to future war.

7. France: Georges Clemenceau
He wanted the Germans to be made weak so that they would not attack France again.
Clemenceau demanded that Germany pay to repair the damage they caused on France.
He also wanted Germany to take responsibility for starting the war.

8. Great Britain: Prime Minister, David Lloyd George
He publicly called for the Germans to be held responsible for starting the war.
- However, he worried that if the Germans were not allowed to recover from the war there would be more trouble in the future.

9. Italy: Vittorio Orlando
Once a member of the Central Powers, Italy changed sides when Britain and France said they would give them land on Adriatic coast at the end of the war.
He expected them to keep their promise and receive the land at the Treaty of Versailles.

10. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
Wilson proposes Fourteen Points—an outline for lasting world peace.
Calls for free trade and an end to alliances and military buildups
Promotes self-determination—right of people to govern their own nation
Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes

11. Fourteen Points End of secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free trade
Arms reductions
Adjustment of colonial claims
Settlement of questions regarding Russian territory
Restoration of Belgium
Restoration of France’s territories including Alsace-Lorraine
Readjustment of Italy’s borders
Peoples of Austria-Hungary given self-determination
Serbia given access to the sea and can join with other Balkan states (Yugoslavia created).
Turkish portion of Ottoman empire sovereign, but other portions given self-determination. Dardanelles open to as shipping passage to all nations.
Independent Poland
League of Nations

14. A Troubled Treaty

15. The Versailles Treaty
Britain and France oppose Wilson’s ideas and want to punish Germany.
Allies and Germany sign an accord—the Treaty of Versailles—in June 1919.
Creates League of Nations—international organization to keep peace.
Blames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay damages (reparations) to nations.
League to rule German colonies until deemed ready for independence.

16. Signing the Treaty of Versailles

17. Versailles Settlement in Europe

18. The Creation of New Nations
The Versailles Treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europe
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose lands
Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into mandates
New countries in southeastern Europe
Russia gives up land.

19. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918: Delivering the Goods

20. Europe Pre-World War I

21. New European Countries Post World War I
Finland-land lost by Russia
Estonia-land lost by Russia
Latvia-land lost by Russia
Lithuania-land lost by Russia
Poland-restored from land lost by Germany and Russia
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Hungary
Romania-gained land
Yugoslavia

22. Mandates in Africa and Middle East
French Mandate of Syria
French Mandate of Lebanon
British Mandate of Palestine
British Mandate of Transjordan
British Mandate of Iraq
British Togoland
French Togoland
British Cameroon
French Cameroon
Ruanda-Urundi
Tanganyika
South-West Africa

23. New Nations: 1923

24. “A Peace Build on Quicksand”
Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides
German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war
America never ratifies Treaty of Versailles
Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe
Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence
Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want