1. Great War’s End: Forging the Peace
History of the Modern World
Great War’s End: Forging the Peace
Mrs. McArthur
Walsingham Academy
Room 111

2. World War I and the Russian Revolution
Section 4: Making the Peace, pp
Witness History Audio: Worth Cost? Vera Brittain
What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations? Why?
The Costs of War
Influenza had spread among the troops at the end of the war and went home with them to their families and neighbors. The loss of lives from the flu and the war and the costs of rebuilding war-ravaged cities made some countries and colonies vulnerable to revolt.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations?” (She is unhappy with their outcome) Why do you think Brittain had this reaction? (She may have hoped that the sacrifices her loved ones made would lead to a more positive resolution.)
When showing the casualty pie charts, ask, “Which two nations suffered the highest proportion of soldier deaths? Why were American casualties relatively low?”
Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties
Pie Charts: Allied Casualties
Graph: The Costs of War
Note Taking Transparency 172A
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3. Section 4: Making the Peace
The Paris Peace Conference
The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. President Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” The British Prime Minister wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale, while France’s leader wanted to see Germany punished.
Note Taking Transparency 172B
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations?” (She is unhappy with their outcome) Why do you think Brittain had this reaction? (She may have hoped that the sacrifices her loved ones made would lead to a more positive resolution.)
When showing the casualty pie charts, ask, “Which two nations suffered the highest proportion of soldier deaths? Why were American casualties relatively low?”
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which narrowed German borders and as well as saddling the country with the costs of war reparations. For a country whose economy was already reeling, the debt would prove too costly.
Geography Interactive: Europe, 1914 and 1920
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4. Section 4: Making the Peace, pp. 834-838
The Outcome of the Peace Settlements
Other treaties also went into effect. In Eastern Europe, the Allies created new nations, such as Poland and Yugoslavia. Previously German-ruled colonies in Africa and Asia were administered by other Western powers. The League of Nations was also established, although without U.S. participation.
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Summary: Peace Settlements, 1919
Only victors invited to participate: Heads of state attend: Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando
Wilson pushes his “14 points” as basis for settlement
Tensions among leaders: British and French demand reparations from Germany with Wilson opposed.
Leaders are answerable to votes, who call for “punishing” Germany who must bear blame for war.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations?” (She is unhappy with their outcome) Why do you think Brittain had this reaction? (She may have hoped that the sacrifices her loved ones made would lead to a more positive resolution.)
When showing the casualty pie charts, ask, “Which two nations suffered the highest proportion of soldier deaths? Why were American casualties relatively low?”
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5. Summary: Major Points of Peace of Paris Settlements
Map of Central and Eastern Europe is redrawn: new or revived states appear, initially as democracies
League of Nations created with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
Empires of defeated powers are broken up: Mandates for territories outside of Europe (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, etc.)
Treaties with defeated countries: Most important – Versailles Treaty with Germany which contained “War Guilt Clause” (Article #231), as basis for payment of reparations.
Summary: Russian Revolution and Civil War
March, 1917 – Abdication of tsar; Provisional Government formed
Nov., 1917 – Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd, arrest Provisional Government
Dec., 1917 – Lenin creates new secret police force, the CHEKA, to suppress counter-revolutionary activities (Red Terror)
March, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed; Russia withdraws from war.
– Vicious civil war pits Bolsheviks (“Reds”) against opponents “(Whites”)
1919 – Lenin creates Communist International, hoping to spread world revolution
1921 – Bolsheviks win civil war; country in desperate economic straits (NEP)

6. Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties
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7. Pie Charts: Allied Casualties
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8. Graph: Financial Costs of the War

9. Note Taking Transparency 172A
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10. Progress Monitoring Transparency
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11. Assignment 1
Read text, pp identifying 2 new terms and answering 2 checkpoint questions.
Read Russian Revolution lecture notes and view PP notes, Russia:
Check your knowledge
Notes:
Chapter 26 Test: Monday, 2/11
Vocabulary:
CHEKA: A secret police force that used terror to root out counter-revolutionaries. By 1919 forced labor camps also created.
Commissars: communist party officials assigned to army and other institutions to teach party principles and ensure loyalty.
Checkpoints:
pp. 844: The Reds used foreign intervention as a rallying point, supplied their troops by taking crops from peasants, trained the Red Army using terror tactics, controlled the center of Russia.
pp. 845: In the government Lenin set up, the Communist party, not the people, controlled the government. The economy under the NEP allowed some capitalist ventures.

12. Assignment 2
View PP, WWI Territorial Changes. Plot on your personal map.
Review PP Notes, esp. study aides and check your knowledge.
Vocab: pandemic, reparations, radicals, collective security, mandate
Checkpoints:
pp.835: What were some of the human, economic, political costs of the war? Due to the war, millions of soldiers and civilians lost their lives, property was destroyed, and several countries experience political turmoil.
Infographic, pp 835 Thinking Critically (1) Germany and France; American casualties were much lower because it had entered the war so late (2) As a smaller country, France would be hit harder with the loss of more soldiers, with widows and families who would be left without a means of financial support.
pp. 836: How were the goals of the Big Three leaders conflict at the Paris Peace Conference? Wilson wanted peace without revenge. Lloyd George wanted peace to please the British people by punishing Germany and getting money to fulfill his postwar goals. Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany so that it could never again threaten France.
pp. 837: Why were the German delegates surprised when they read the Treaty? They believed that the treaty would be more lenient and would be based on the 14 Points. They were stunned by the War Guilt clause (231)
pp. 838: Why did the League of Nations fail to accomplish Wilson’s dream? The US did not join the League and so did not have a leading role. The League was too weak to enforce decisions.
Political Cartoon, pp 838 (1) the reparations that Germany had to make to the Allies (2) the cartoonist may have agreed with the ideas behind the treaties but may have been more skeptical about their fairness and practicality.
Note: Chapter 26 Test: Mon. 2/11

13. Assignment 3-5 Test: Text Chapter 26
Factual portions-multiple choice, matching, map
1 Essay
Chapter self-check
Test Preparation: Be sure to use text, pp
Notes:
Chapter 26 Test: Monday, 2/11