Mycoplasma Readings question #1: Where do the Mycoplasma pneumonia colonies adhere? How do they spread? What diseases are caused by this bacterium? (3 points)

Rickettsia Only reproduce within a mammalian cell Induce phagocytosis; enter cytoplasm; reproduce by binary fission Readings question #2: What is the most severe rickettsial infection, and what organism causes it? (2 points)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia prowazekii Readings question #3: How is the Rickettsia prowazekii microbe transmitted to produce epidemic typhus? Signs and symptoms: high and prolonged fever that lasts at least 2 weeks; stupor; rash that darkens as disease progresses Anne Frank

Treatment tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol eliminate conditions vaccines for military

Rickettsia typhi sporadic murine: mouse Readings question #4: How is the Rickettsia typhi microbe transmitted to produce endemic typhus? treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol rat control is best preventive measure

Coxiella burnetti parasite of several arthropods birthing: organisms shed in high numbers resistant to heat, drying, a many disinfectants inhaling a single pathogen can cause infection pasteurization temperature raised in 1956 responsible for Q fever

Q Fever Wide range of clinical symptoms 60% asymptomatic Acute: high fevers (104-105 degrees), severe headache, general malaise, confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and chest pain pneumonia: 30-50% patients; hepatitis

Chronic Q Fever Infection persists for more than 6 months 1 year or 20 years Endocarditis Transplant recipients, cancer, kidney disease Treatment: acute- doxycycline chronic- doxycycline & quinolones doxycycline & hydroxychloroquine

Prevention education appropriate disposal restrict access pasteurized milk laboratory clothing vaccination quarantine holding facilities routine testing

Chlamydia Readings question #5: What are the 3 species of chlamydias that are significant pathogens for humans? Describe the growth stages of this microorganism.(5pts) Chlamydias are transmitted to humans by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes.

Chlamydial pneumonia outbreaks among college students transmitted by the respiratory route 50% U.S. population has antibodies treatment: tetracycline

Chlamydia trachomatic Causative agent for: trachoma Lymphogranuloma veneruem NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis) or NSU (non-specific urethritis)

Trachoma Greek: “rough eye” arid parts of Africa and Asia, almost all children are infected early in their lives 500 million active cases worldwide and 7 million blinded victims occurs occasionally in the southwestern U.S. transmitted by hand contact or by sharing personal objects

Trachoma (cont’d) conjunctivitis leads to permanent scarring long-term mechanical abrasion of the cornea turned-in eyelashes secondary infections tetracycline ointment partial immunity sanitary practices and health education

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) Genital infections associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer NGU/NSU: any inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae painful urination and watery discharge coinfection with C. trachomatis

Chlamycia psittaci Infected birds will usually have diarrhea, ruffled feathers, respiratory illness, and a generally “droopy appearance”

Prions “small proteinaceous infectious agents without a nucleic acid genome……produce spongiform encephalopathies”

Pathogenicity abnormally folded proteins that cause the proteins to clump diseases have a long incubation time CNS damage is insidious no fever and inflammation

Readings Question #6 Why are prions of a particular concern to embalmers? (3 points)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease transfers/removals embalming non-posted Remains embalming posted remains decontamination

NJ Dept. of Health/NJSFDA Embalming Non-posted Remains Protective attire Positioning Topical disinfection Washing and positioning Injection site selection Injection chemicals No cavity aspiration Aspiration alternative

Embalming Non-posted(cont’d) other precautions: purge medical devices washing instruments surfaces disposables

Embalming Posted Remains viscera preservative powder completion viscera bag cranial cavity calvarium

Decontamination sodium hypochlorite incineration detergent solution of 1:10 sodium hypochlorite/water