Chapter 12, Lesson 3 Exploration & Worldwide Trade It Matters Because: European nations established colonies that produced great wealth, changing the Americas & other conquered lands forever.

I. Settling the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas Spain & Portugal A. Treaty of Tordesillas divided Americas between Spain & Portugal 1. Other European nations did not recognize treaty 2. England, France, Netherlands began colonizing Americas as well

II. Spanish Colonies & Missions A. By 1600s, Spain controlled much of N. and S. America, Caribbean islands 1. Spanish rulers had two goals for American colonies: bring wealth back to Spain, convert natives to Christianity plantations) 2. Grew sugarcane on huge farms (plantations) 3. Mined gold & silver missions 4. Priests established Catholic missions 5. Enslaved, mistreated natives on plantations 6. European diseases devastated native population 7. Slaves brought from Africa to replace native workers

III. Portuguese Brazil A. In 1500, Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in present-day Brazil 1.Portuguese settlers established sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, & cotton plantations cash crop a. cash crop - grown in large quantities to be sold for profit B. Brazilian plantations used African slaves

IV. French Colonies A. French explorers founded settlements in N. America to support fur trade 1. Merchants set up trading posts in E. Canada Samuel de Champlain QuebecNew France 2. Explorer Samuel de Champlain established Quebec, capital of New France B. Explorers, fur trappers, missionaries spread into New France Jacques MarquetteLouis Joliet , Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet reached Mississippi River La Salle , La Salle navigated MS River to Gulf of Mexico, named new territory Louisiana, after French King Louis XIV

V. English Colonies A. English settlers arrived in America for different reasons 1. Some seeking riches, others religious freedom Virginia Company B. 1606, Virginia Company founded in England Jamestown , Jamestown founded with Virginia Company support 2. Settlers struggled to survive winters, clashes with natives C. Jamestown eventually made a profit growing tobacco 1. Tobacco was 1 st English cash crop 2. Tobacco plantations used enslaved African labor House of Burgesses , established House of Burgesses, 1 st legislature inAmericas

VI. Dutch Traders A.Netherlands established colonies in N. America Henry Hudson 1. Henry Hudson explored Hudson River and Hudson Bay Manhattan , traders established settlement on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River New Amsterdam a. New Amsterdam, now part of New York City

VII. Mercantilism A.Spain & Portugal became wealthy with gold & silver 1. Other countries wanted to do the same Mercantilism B. Mercantilism - a country’s power depends on its wealth 1. To build wealth, country must export more than it imports 2. Colonies must provide countries with resources & raw materials for manufacturing

C. European powers established colonies, built empires across the globe 1. England in India, Hong Kong, Egypt, Australia 2. France in Morocco, Algeria, Guyana, Vietnam 3. Netherlands in South Africa, Indonesia, Ghana, Taiwan 4. Spain in Philippines, western N. America, Guinea D. European ships & guns defeated Muslim armies & local resistance from colonial natives VII. Mercantilism

VIII. Joint-Stock Companies A. Travel & trade became expensive, so investors formed companies to share risk Joint-stock company B. Joint-stock company - individual investors buy shares in a company 1. Share expenses, risks, profits

IX. Cottage Industries A. By 1600s, merchants began to look for ways to avoid doing business with guilds & artisans 1. Began hiring peasants to make goods Cottage industry 2. Cottage industry - system for making goods in workers’ homes

X. The Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange A. Trade between Europe, Africa, & the New World known as the Columbian Exchange 1. Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, cacao (chocolate) came to Europe from New World 2. Grains from Europe & Asia (barley, rice, wheat, oats, rye) planted in New World 3. Pigs, sheep, cattle, sheep, chickens, horses came to New World from Europe a. horses changed the way Native Americans hunted, warred 4. Slaves taken from Africa to work plantations in New World